BIO 322 Exam 1 V1 | BIO 322 Applied
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A clinician is reviewing a biopsy report that describes the replacement of one mature cell
type with another mature cell type in the bronchial lining of a patient who smokes. Which
term should the clinician use to document this finding?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is defined as the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often less differentiated, cell type. In the case of chronic smokers, the ciliated
columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium to
withstand the irritation. While this adaptation provides more protection, it results in the
loss of critical functions like mucus secretion and ciliary movement.
2. Which mechanism is the most common cause of cellular injury in clinical practice?
A. Chemical injury
,B. Hypoxic injury
C. Infectious injury
D. Genetic factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia, or the lack of sufficient oxygen, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury. It typically results from ischemia, which is a reduced blood supply to the
tissues. Without oxygen, the cell cannot maintain ATP production, leading to the failure of
the sodium-potassium pump and subsequent cellular swelling.
3. Which of the following are considered local cardinal signs of acute inflammation? Select all
that apply.
A. Erythema (Redness)
B. Calor (Heat)
C. Edema (Swelling)
D. Dolor (Pain)
E. Fever
F. Loss of function
Correct Answer: ABCDF
Rationale: The five cardinal signs of local inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain,
and loss of function. Redness and heat are caused by increased blood flow (vasodilation) to
, the injured area. Swelling results from increased capillary permeability, and fever is a
systemic manifestation, not a local cardinal sign.
4. An 80-year-old patient experiences a decrease in muscle mass and strength. The nurse
recognizes this as which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size, which leads to a decrease in the size of the
organ or tissue. This is common in skeletal muscle due to aging, disuse, or loss of endocrine
stimulation. The cell decreases its consumption of oxygen and other resources to survive in
a diminished capacity.
5. In the process of programmed cell death, which term describes the cellular self-destruction
that does not typically trigger an inflammatory response?
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Necrosis
D. Karyolysis
Pathophysiology | Actual Q&A with
Rationale (BIO322 Exam 1) | Grand Canyon
University
1. A clinician is reviewing a biopsy report that describes the replacement of one mature cell
type with another mature cell type in the bronchial lining of a patient who smokes. Which
term should the clinician use to document this finding?
A. Atrophy
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Metaplasia is defined as the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by
another, often less differentiated, cell type. In the case of chronic smokers, the ciliated
columnar epithelium of the bronchi is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium to
withstand the irritation. While this adaptation provides more protection, it results in the
loss of critical functions like mucus secretion and ciliary movement.
2. Which mechanism is the most common cause of cellular injury in clinical practice?
A. Chemical injury
,B. Hypoxic injury
C. Infectious injury
D. Genetic factors
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hypoxia, or the lack of sufficient oxygen, is the single most common cause of
cellular injury. It typically results from ischemia, which is a reduced blood supply to the
tissues. Without oxygen, the cell cannot maintain ATP production, leading to the failure of
the sodium-potassium pump and subsequent cellular swelling.
3. Which of the following are considered local cardinal signs of acute inflammation? Select all
that apply.
A. Erythema (Redness)
B. Calor (Heat)
C. Edema (Swelling)
D. Dolor (Pain)
E. Fever
F. Loss of function
Correct Answer: ABCDF
Rationale: The five cardinal signs of local inflammation are redness, heat, swelling, pain,
and loss of function. Redness and heat are caused by increased blood flow (vasodilation) to
, the injured area. Swelling results from increased capillary permeability, and fever is a
systemic manifestation, not a local cardinal sign.
4. An 80-year-old patient experiences a decrease in muscle mass and strength. The nurse
recognizes this as which type of cellular adaptation?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Atrophy
C. Hyperplasia
D. Metaplasia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cellular size, which leads to a decrease in the size of the
organ or tissue. This is common in skeletal muscle due to aging, disuse, or loss of endocrine
stimulation. The cell decreases its consumption of oxygen and other resources to survive in
a diminished capacity.
5. In the process of programmed cell death, which term describes the cellular self-destruction
that does not typically trigger an inflammatory response?
A. Apoptosis
B. Autophagy
C. Necrosis
D. Karyolysis
