CHSOS COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS ANSWERS GUARANTEED PASS
Chsos Final Paper 2026/2027 Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Advocacy and Inquiry.
Answer:
• A method of debriefing in which an observer states what was observed or performed in a
simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it explicitly
(advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of their thoughts or actions
(inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007). Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or
feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Question:
Advocacy and Inquiry.
Answer:
A method of debriefing in which an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then
asks the learners for an explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy includes statements
that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Question:
Alpha and Beta Testing.
Answer:
• Alpha- early testing of a product by the developers or programmers, but not by potential users. The
purpose of alpha-testing is to find and resolve as many 'bugs' or problems in the software that were
unanticipated during the design and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019) Beta - early testing of a
software, program, simulation, or game, by potential users. The purpose of beta-testing is identical
to alpha-testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
,Question:
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Answer:
A system of computerized data- gathering and prediction that models human behavior and decision-
making with minimal human intervention. In healthcare simulation, AI often refers to underlying
programming that provides physiological or systembased algorithm changes based on inputs from
users and learners. Often paired with machine learning, in which the software is programmed to
alter algorithms and predictions based on observed data and results without human intervention.
Virtual patients use artificial intelligence to react appropriately to the user or learner. (Bennett and
Hauser, 2013)
Question:
Assessment.
Answer:
Refers to processes that provide information about or feedback about individual participants,
groups, or programs. Specifically, assessment refers to observations of progress related to
knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA). Findings of assessment are used to improve future outcomes
(Scheckel, 2016; INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, pp. S39-S40). • Involves measurement of
the KSAs which can be recorded (Levine, DeMaria, Schwartz, & Sim, 2014). Formative - a type of
assessment (sometimes called an evaluation) "wherein the facilitator's focus is on the participant's
progress toward goal attainment through preset criteria; a process for an individual or group engaged
in a simulation activity for the purpose of providing constructive feedback for that individual or
group to improve (National League for Nursing Simulation Innovation Resource Center [NLN-
SIRC], 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, p.S41). Often completed at
the same time as the instruction (Hamdorf & Davies, 2016), development of the individual is the
focus for the simulation objectives/outcomes to be reached (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c).
• Summative - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation) "at the end of a learning period
or at a discrete point in time in which participants are provided with feedback about their
achievement of outcome through preset criteria; a process for determining the competence of a
participant engaged in healthcare activity. The assessment of achievement of outcome criteria may
be associated with an assigned grade (NLN-SIRC, 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, p. S41). Performance of the individual is compared to a specific standard
(Hamdorf & Davies, 2016). • High-stakes - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation)
"associated with a simulation activity
Question:
,Assessor.
Answer:
• A person who performs assessment of individuals according to pre-established criteria. Assessors
must have specific and substantial training, expertise, and competency in assessment
(Dictionary.com).
Question:
Augmented Reality.
Answer:
A type of virtual reality in which synthetic stimuli are superimposed on real-world objects, usually
to make information that is otherwise imperceptible to human senses perceptible (M&S Glossary). •
A technology that overlays digital computer-generated information on objects or places in the real
world for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. • The combination of reality and overlay of
digital information designed to enhance the learning process. • A spectrum of mixed-reality
simulation that is part way between the real world and the virtual world. • A form of virtual reality
that includes head-mounted displays, overlays of computer screens, wearable computers, or displays
projected onto humans and manikins (D.R. Berryman et al; M. Bajura et al; H. Fuchs et al).
Question:
Avatar.
Answer:
• A virtual object used to represent a physical object (e.g., a human) in a virtual world. • A graphical
representation, typically three-dimensional, of a person capable of relatively complex actions,
including facial expressions and physical responses, while participating in a virtual simulation-based
experience. The user controls the avatar through the use of a mouse, keyboard, or a type of joystick
to move through the virtual simulation-based experience (Riley, 2008). • Controlled avatars may be
either 1st-person perspective or 3rd-person perspective in virtual simulations. A 3rd-person
perspective places the view and camera so the user and learner can see the controlled avatar (e.g.,
the player). A 1st-person perspective places the camera such that the user and learner views the
world through the eyes of the avatar (i.e., the controlled avatar is never visible on the screen). These
perspectives only apply to screen-based simulations using a mouse, keyboard, or joystick. Virtual
Reality simulations are almost always 1st-person. (Schuurink and Toet, 2010)
, Question:
Back Story or Backstory or Back-story.
Answer:
"A narrative, which provides a history and/or background and is created for a fictional character(s)
and/or about a situation for a SBE (Backstory, n.d.)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c,
p.S40). (Ed note: this can include the back story provided to participants, standardized patients, and
staff as required to support the simulation activity) A method, particularly in some game-based
simulations, "for creating design prompts, dialogs, and interactions that contain realistic verbal
behaviors and variability for multiple avatars or non-player characters (NPCs)." (Zachary, Zachary,
CannonBowers, & Santarelli, 2016, p. 207). • Something that is developed by an author in games for
characters that gives them their characteristics and memories (Fairclough & Cunningham, 2004).
Question:
Behavioral Skills.
Answer:
The range of activities encompassed within the category of interpersonal interaction, including
bedside manner, interpersonal, teamwork, leadership and communications. (Murphy, Nestel, &
Gormley, 2019) The decision-making and team interaction processes used during the team's
management of a situation. (Gaba et al, 1998)
Question:
Brief (Briefing).
Answer:
• An activity immediately preceding the start of a simulation activity where the participants receive
essential information about the simulation scenario, such as background information, vital signs,
instructions, or guidelines. For example, before beginning a session, faculty conduct a briefing about
the scenario to review the information being provided to the participants. The information and
guidelines given to faculty or simulated patients participating in a scenario to allow them to fully
prepare for interactions with the participants. Briefing materials could include a handover, physician
referral letter, or an ambulance call transcript. For example, at the start of the simulation scenario,
participants receive a notification from ambulance personnel regarding a patient being transported to
their facility with a gunshot wound. (Alinier, 2011; Husebø et al., 2012)
Chsos Final Paper 2026/2027 Questions and Answers
Verified Solutions Latest Update
Question:
Advocacy and Inquiry.
Answer:
• A method of debriefing in which an observer states what was observed or performed in a
simulation activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it explicitly
(advocacy) and then asks the learners for an explanation of their thoughts or actions
(inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007). Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel;
whereas advocacy includes statements that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or
feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Question:
Advocacy and Inquiry.
Answer:
A method of debriefing in which an observer states what was observed or performed in a simulation
activity (advocacy) or shares critical or appreciative insights about it explicitly (advocacy) and then
asks the learners for an explanation of their thoughts or actions (inquiry)(Rudolph et al, 2007).
Inquiry seeks to learn what others think, know, want, or feel; whereas advocacy includes statements
that communicate what an individual thinks, knows, wants or feels (Bolman & Deal, 2013).
Question:
Alpha and Beta Testing.
Answer:
• Alpha- early testing of a product by the developers or programmers, but not by potential users. The
purpose of alpha-testing is to find and resolve as many 'bugs' or problems in the software that were
unanticipated during the design and development. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019) Beta - early testing of a
software, program, simulation, or game, by potential users. The purpose of beta-testing is identical
to alpha-testing. (Lee-Jayaram et al, 2019)
,Question:
Artificial Intelligence (AI).
Answer:
A system of computerized data- gathering and prediction that models human behavior and decision-
making with minimal human intervention. In healthcare simulation, AI often refers to underlying
programming that provides physiological or systembased algorithm changes based on inputs from
users and learners. Often paired with machine learning, in which the software is programmed to
alter algorithms and predictions based on observed data and results without human intervention.
Virtual patients use artificial intelligence to react appropriately to the user or learner. (Bennett and
Hauser, 2013)
Question:
Assessment.
Answer:
Refers to processes that provide information about or feedback about individual participants,
groups, or programs. Specifically, assessment refers to observations of progress related to
knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA). Findings of assessment are used to improve future outcomes
(Scheckel, 2016; INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, pp. S39-S40). • Involves measurement of
the KSAs which can be recorded (Levine, DeMaria, Schwartz, & Sim, 2014). Formative - a type of
assessment (sometimes called an evaluation) "wherein the facilitator's focus is on the participant's
progress toward goal attainment through preset criteria; a process for an individual or group engaged
in a simulation activity for the purpose of providing constructive feedback for that individual or
group to improve (National League for Nursing Simulation Innovation Resource Center [NLN-
SIRC], 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c, p.S41). Often completed at
the same time as the instruction (Hamdorf & Davies, 2016), development of the individual is the
focus for the simulation objectives/outcomes to be reached (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c).
• Summative - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation) "at the end of a learning period
or at a discrete point in time in which participants are provided with feedback about their
achievement of outcome through preset criteria; a process for determining the competence of a
participant engaged in healthcare activity. The assessment of achievement of outcome criteria may
be associated with an assigned grade (NLN-SIRC, 2013; Scheckel, 2016)" (INACSL Standards
Committee, 2016c, p. S41). Performance of the individual is compared to a specific standard
(Hamdorf & Davies, 2016). • High-stakes - a type of assessment (sometimes called an evaluation)
"associated with a simulation activity
Question:
,Assessor.
Answer:
• A person who performs assessment of individuals according to pre-established criteria. Assessors
must have specific and substantial training, expertise, and competency in assessment
(Dictionary.com).
Question:
Augmented Reality.
Answer:
A type of virtual reality in which synthetic stimuli are superimposed on real-world objects, usually
to make information that is otherwise imperceptible to human senses perceptible (M&S Glossary). •
A technology that overlays digital computer-generated information on objects or places in the real
world for the purpose of enhancing the user experience. • The combination of reality and overlay of
digital information designed to enhance the learning process. • A spectrum of mixed-reality
simulation that is part way between the real world and the virtual world. • A form of virtual reality
that includes head-mounted displays, overlays of computer screens, wearable computers, or displays
projected onto humans and manikins (D.R. Berryman et al; M. Bajura et al; H. Fuchs et al).
Question:
Avatar.
Answer:
• A virtual object used to represent a physical object (e.g., a human) in a virtual world. • A graphical
representation, typically three-dimensional, of a person capable of relatively complex actions,
including facial expressions and physical responses, while participating in a virtual simulation-based
experience. The user controls the avatar through the use of a mouse, keyboard, or a type of joystick
to move through the virtual simulation-based experience (Riley, 2008). • Controlled avatars may be
either 1st-person perspective or 3rd-person perspective in virtual simulations. A 3rd-person
perspective places the view and camera so the user and learner can see the controlled avatar (e.g.,
the player). A 1st-person perspective places the camera such that the user and learner views the
world through the eyes of the avatar (i.e., the controlled avatar is never visible on the screen). These
perspectives only apply to screen-based simulations using a mouse, keyboard, or joystick. Virtual
Reality simulations are almost always 1st-person. (Schuurink and Toet, 2010)
, Question:
Back Story or Backstory or Back-story.
Answer:
"A narrative, which provides a history and/or background and is created for a fictional character(s)
and/or about a situation for a SBE (Backstory, n.d.)" (INACSL Standards Committee, 2016c,
p.S40). (Ed note: this can include the back story provided to participants, standardized patients, and
staff as required to support the simulation activity) A method, particularly in some game-based
simulations, "for creating design prompts, dialogs, and interactions that contain realistic verbal
behaviors and variability for multiple avatars or non-player characters (NPCs)." (Zachary, Zachary,
CannonBowers, & Santarelli, 2016, p. 207). • Something that is developed by an author in games for
characters that gives them their characteristics and memories (Fairclough & Cunningham, 2004).
Question:
Behavioral Skills.
Answer:
The range of activities encompassed within the category of interpersonal interaction, including
bedside manner, interpersonal, teamwork, leadership and communications. (Murphy, Nestel, &
Gormley, 2019) The decision-making and team interaction processes used during the team's
management of a situation. (Gaba et al, 1998)
Question:
Brief (Briefing).
Answer:
• An activity immediately preceding the start of a simulation activity where the participants receive
essential information about the simulation scenario, such as background information, vital signs,
instructions, or guidelines. For example, before beginning a session, faculty conduct a briefing about
the scenario to review the information being provided to the participants. The information and
guidelines given to faculty or simulated patients participating in a scenario to allow them to fully
prepare for interactions with the participants. Briefing materials could include a handover, physician
referral letter, or an ambulance call transcript. For example, at the start of the simulation scenario,
participants receive a notification from ambulance personnel regarding a patient being transported to
their facility with a gunshot wound. (Alinier, 2011; Husebø et al., 2012)
