PSY 211 Exam 4 Questions With
Complete Answers
The Classical Definitional View - ANSWER -Necessary and sufficient features
-Defined by a set of features that determine if it meets those necessary features.
Ex: Bachelor: unmarried, adult, male human
The Prototype View - ANSWER -Determine by comparing the object to a
prototype that represents the category.
What is prototype? - ANSWER "typical" member of the category
based on an average of members of the category that are commonly experience
EX: prototype for category of birds might be based on some of the birds you
usually see such as sparrows, robin blue jays, but doesn't mean they look the
same.
The prototype is not n actual member of the category but an average
representation of the category.
The Instance-base (exemplar) View - ANSWER -It is possible that people simply
retain information about all of the individual exemplars which are actual
members of a category that one has encountered in the past
- to determine whether or how well an item fits into a category we determine how
well it matches the stored exemplars (instances)
-Any encounter you have and store as a specific instance and use that when you
encounter new items.
Ex: a person has encounter many robins and bluejays than ostriches. --> so
ostriches will not consider typical examples of birds
, The Rule-based (theory-based) View - ANSWER -When there is a rule. These
rules can override the instances and prototypes
Ex: A bat can't be a bird
Which methods of categorization do we use?
What are different scenarios in which one might be better than another? -
ANSWER -We use Prototypes, rules, and exemplar.
-Prototype: Can provide quick summary
-Exemplar: allows us to retain information
-When the number of instances is small, we use the instances rather than a
prototype
- When the number of instances is large, we use a prototype (plus a few
memorable instances)
- When we have a rule (e.g., birds do not have fur), the rule may override the
instances and prototypes (e.g., a bat cannot be a bird)
What was done in the experiment done by Posner and Keeple? - ANSWER -
Posner and Keele been by creating 4 prototypes, random set of stimuli that
people wouldn't have any prior experience for
-They then created exemplars for each category. Each exemplar was created by
shifting dots from each prototype
What were the results from Posner and Keeple? - ANSWER -Subjects were
creating mental recreation
-They were good at recognizing.
-the more similar a novel pattern was to a category prototype the easier it was to
classify
What was done in the related Reed (1972) experiment? - ANSWER
What is family resemblance as it relates to categorization?
How is it measured? - ANSWER Items in a particular category resemble one
another in a number of ways
Complete Answers
The Classical Definitional View - ANSWER -Necessary and sufficient features
-Defined by a set of features that determine if it meets those necessary features.
Ex: Bachelor: unmarried, adult, male human
The Prototype View - ANSWER -Determine by comparing the object to a
prototype that represents the category.
What is prototype? - ANSWER "typical" member of the category
based on an average of members of the category that are commonly experience
EX: prototype for category of birds might be based on some of the birds you
usually see such as sparrows, robin blue jays, but doesn't mean they look the
same.
The prototype is not n actual member of the category but an average
representation of the category.
The Instance-base (exemplar) View - ANSWER -It is possible that people simply
retain information about all of the individual exemplars which are actual
members of a category that one has encountered in the past
- to determine whether or how well an item fits into a category we determine how
well it matches the stored exemplars (instances)
-Any encounter you have and store as a specific instance and use that when you
encounter new items.
Ex: a person has encounter many robins and bluejays than ostriches. --> so
ostriches will not consider typical examples of birds
, The Rule-based (theory-based) View - ANSWER -When there is a rule. These
rules can override the instances and prototypes
Ex: A bat can't be a bird
Which methods of categorization do we use?
What are different scenarios in which one might be better than another? -
ANSWER -We use Prototypes, rules, and exemplar.
-Prototype: Can provide quick summary
-Exemplar: allows us to retain information
-When the number of instances is small, we use the instances rather than a
prototype
- When the number of instances is large, we use a prototype (plus a few
memorable instances)
- When we have a rule (e.g., birds do not have fur), the rule may override the
instances and prototypes (e.g., a bat cannot be a bird)
What was done in the experiment done by Posner and Keeple? - ANSWER -
Posner and Keele been by creating 4 prototypes, random set of stimuli that
people wouldn't have any prior experience for
-They then created exemplars for each category. Each exemplar was created by
shifting dots from each prototype
What were the results from Posner and Keeple? - ANSWER -Subjects were
creating mental recreation
-They were good at recognizing.
-the more similar a novel pattern was to a category prototype the easier it was to
classify
What was done in the related Reed (1972) experiment? - ANSWER
What is family resemblance as it relates to categorization?
How is it measured? - ANSWER Items in a particular category resemble one
another in a number of ways
