gka APEX: Monitoring III-IV: Cardiac
Rhythms/Misc. Monitors &
Equip.Question and answers verified
to pass 2026/2027
What are the 5 phases of the ventricular action potential? What is each phase's corresponding
component on the EKG waveform? - correct answer Phase-0: Rapid depolarization (QRS)
Phase-1: Initial repolarization (QRS)
Phase-2: Plateau phase (QT interval)
Phase-3: Final repolarization (T wave)
Phase-4: Resting phase (T--> QRS)
Describe the movement of ions in each segment of the ventricular action potential. - correct answer
Phase-0: Na+ in
Phase-1: Cl- in, K+ out
Phase-2: Ca2+ in, K+ out
Phase-3: K+ out
Phase-4: Na+ out K+ in (Na+/K+/ATPase pump)
What electrolyte disorders are associated with a short QT interval? - correct answer Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
What electrolyte disorders are associated with a long QT interval? - correct answer Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Describe the directions in which the heart depolarizes. - correct answer 1. From base to apex
, 2. From endocardium to epicardium
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with a normal axis? - correct answer They will both have a (+
deflection
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with right axis deviation?
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with extreme right axis deviation? - correct answer Lead-I will have
a negative deflection & lead-aVF will have a positive deflection
Both will have a negative deflection
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with left axis deviation? - correct answer Lead-I will have a (+
deflection and lead-aVF will have a negative deflection
Define normal axis
Define left axis deviation
Define right axis deviation - correct answer Normal: between -30 and +90
Left: more negative than -30
Right: more positive than +90
Mean electrical vector tends to point ________ areas of hypertrophy and _________ from areas of MI. -
correct answer 1. Towards
Rhythms/Misc. Monitors &
Equip.Question and answers verified
to pass 2026/2027
What are the 5 phases of the ventricular action potential? What is each phase's corresponding
component on the EKG waveform? - correct answer Phase-0: Rapid depolarization (QRS)
Phase-1: Initial repolarization (QRS)
Phase-2: Plateau phase (QT interval)
Phase-3: Final repolarization (T wave)
Phase-4: Resting phase (T--> QRS)
Describe the movement of ions in each segment of the ventricular action potential. - correct answer
Phase-0: Na+ in
Phase-1: Cl- in, K+ out
Phase-2: Ca2+ in, K+ out
Phase-3: K+ out
Phase-4: Na+ out K+ in (Na+/K+/ATPase pump)
What electrolyte disorders are associated with a short QT interval? - correct answer Hyperkalemia
Hypercalcemia
What electrolyte disorders are associated with a long QT interval? - correct answer Hypokalemia
Hypocalcemia
Describe the directions in which the heart depolarizes. - correct answer 1. From base to apex
, 2. From endocardium to epicardium
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with a normal axis? - correct answer They will both have a (+
deflection
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with right axis deviation?
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with extreme right axis deviation? - correct answer Lead-I will have
a negative deflection & lead-aVF will have a positive deflection
Both will have a negative deflection
How will lead-I and lead-aVF appear with left axis deviation? - correct answer Lead-I will have a (+
deflection and lead-aVF will have a negative deflection
Define normal axis
Define left axis deviation
Define right axis deviation - correct answer Normal: between -30 and +90
Left: more negative than -30
Right: more positive than +90
Mean electrical vector tends to point ________ areas of hypertrophy and _________ from areas of MI. -
correct answer 1. Towards
