PSYCHOLOGY 2301 EXAM 2 ACTUAL TEST
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● Moro reflex
Answer: If a baby feels that he might fall, his arms shoot out, palms
open, and he will have a look of surprise. He may cry.
●● Suckling reflex
Answer: When the area around the mouth is touched, the infant will
begin to suck. This prepares her to for her mother's breast.
●● Startle reflex
Answer: When an infant hears a loud noise, he will pull his arms and
legs into his chest.
●● Step reflex
Answer: Though infants do not have the ability to stand upright when
the soles of their feet touch a hard surface they will start to make
stepping motions with their legs.
●● Grasp reflex
,Answer: When you stroke the palm of an infant's hand, she will ball her
fingers into a fist. If she has grasped your finger, the more you try to pull
it away the harder she will grasp it.
●● orienting reflex
Answer: an immediate response to a change in environment. A person
may look up or turn around to orient themselves toward the source of the
stimulus
●● habituation
Answer: the tendency of the brain to ignore constant, unchanging, or
familiar stimuli
●● instinct
Answer: a complex behavior that is preprogrammed
●● imprinting
Answer: a period of rapid learning that occurs during a specific window
of time during development or in life
●● classical conditioning
Answer: a type of associative learning that connects to a particular
stimulus to a behavioral response
,●● Ivan Pavlov
Answer: Russian physiologist and noted Behaviorist, who is known for
his pioneering work on classical conditioning
●● Pavlonian conditioning
Answer: a type of associative learning that connects a particular stimulus
to a behavioral response
●● Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Answer: a stimulus that produces an unlearned response
The researcher starts with a stimulus that results in an automatic,
unlearned physiological or emotional response.
In Pavlov's dog experiment this is the dog food.
●● Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Answer: in classical conditioning, an automatic physiological or
emotional response to an unconditioned stimulus
The researcher notes the subject's automatic physiological response to
the stimulus.
, In Pavlov's dog experiment this would be the dog salvating.
●● Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Answer: a neutral stimulus but that eventually elicits a desired response
due to being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
The researcher selects a stimulus that is initially neutral, but will
eventually elicit the desired response through its linkage with the
unconditioned stimulus.
In Pavlov's dog experiment this would be the sound of the bell.
●● Conditioned Response (CR)
Answer: a learned behavior that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
that is identical or similar identical to the unconditioned response
The researcher linked the conditioned stimulus (bell) and the
unconditioned stimulus (food) so that they become associated with one
another.
Over time, a conditioned response (i.e. salivating) will emerge in
response to the conditioned stimulus (bell).
PAPER QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
●● Moro reflex
Answer: If a baby feels that he might fall, his arms shoot out, palms
open, and he will have a look of surprise. He may cry.
●● Suckling reflex
Answer: When the area around the mouth is touched, the infant will
begin to suck. This prepares her to for her mother's breast.
●● Startle reflex
Answer: When an infant hears a loud noise, he will pull his arms and
legs into his chest.
●● Step reflex
Answer: Though infants do not have the ability to stand upright when
the soles of their feet touch a hard surface they will start to make
stepping motions with their legs.
●● Grasp reflex
,Answer: When you stroke the palm of an infant's hand, she will ball her
fingers into a fist. If she has grasped your finger, the more you try to pull
it away the harder she will grasp it.
●● orienting reflex
Answer: an immediate response to a change in environment. A person
may look up or turn around to orient themselves toward the source of the
stimulus
●● habituation
Answer: the tendency of the brain to ignore constant, unchanging, or
familiar stimuli
●● instinct
Answer: a complex behavior that is preprogrammed
●● imprinting
Answer: a period of rapid learning that occurs during a specific window
of time during development or in life
●● classical conditioning
Answer: a type of associative learning that connects to a particular
stimulus to a behavioral response
,●● Ivan Pavlov
Answer: Russian physiologist and noted Behaviorist, who is known for
his pioneering work on classical conditioning
●● Pavlonian conditioning
Answer: a type of associative learning that connects a particular stimulus
to a behavioral response
●● Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Answer: a stimulus that produces an unlearned response
The researcher starts with a stimulus that results in an automatic,
unlearned physiological or emotional response.
In Pavlov's dog experiment this is the dog food.
●● Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Answer: in classical conditioning, an automatic physiological or
emotional response to an unconditioned stimulus
The researcher notes the subject's automatic physiological response to
the stimulus.
, In Pavlov's dog experiment this would be the dog salvating.
●● Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Answer: a neutral stimulus but that eventually elicits a desired response
due to being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
The researcher selects a stimulus that is initially neutral, but will
eventually elicit the desired response through its linkage with the
unconditioned stimulus.
In Pavlov's dog experiment this would be the sound of the bell.
●● Conditioned Response (CR)
Answer: a learned behavior that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus
that is identical or similar identical to the unconditioned response
The researcher linked the conditioned stimulus (bell) and the
unconditioned stimulus (food) so that they become associated with one
another.
Over time, a conditioned response (i.e. salivating) will emerge in
response to the conditioned stimulus (bell).
