BIOL 2150 EXAM 3 VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
optimal blood pressure - Answers - Systolic below 120 mmHg
Diastolic below 80 mmHg
Normal Blood Pressure - Answers - Systolic 120 to 130 mmHg
Diastolic 80 to 85 mmHg
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) - Answers - Systolic above 140 mmHg
Diastolic above 90 mmHg
Moderate Hypertension (Stage 2) - Answers - Systolic 160 to 179 mmHg
Diastolic 100 to 109 mmHg
Very Severe Hypertension (Stage 4) - Answers - Systolic greater than 210 mmHg
Diastolic greater than 120 mmHg
Lymphatic system - Answers - bridge from the vascular system to the immune system
Lymph Vessels - Answers - transport escaped blood fluids back to blood
-drainage vessels that return 3L interstitial fluid to blood/day
-in vessels this fluid is lymph
-vessels are blind-ended (lymph capillaries) weaving between tissue cells
-follow blood vessels
-very permeable
-walls are overlapping endothelial cells-from valve flaps- only open inward
lymph organs - Answers - house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
lacteals - Answers - in villi of intestinal mucosa
-absorb digested fats from intestine --> fatty lymph called chyle
collecting vessels - Answers - -3 tunics- similar to veins
-thinner walls
-more valves
-anastomose more
-in skin travel with superficial veins
-blood supply from vasa vasorum
-deep vessels travel with arteries
transport of lymph - Answers - -no pump
-skeletal/resp. muscles (contract/relax, pushing lymph up/negative pressure while
breathing)
-valves
,-more sporadic than flow in veins
lymphedema - Answers - lymphatic obstruction
-localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic
system
-or because of lymph node removal
-not life-threatening, but is distressful
-diuretics can help
lymph nodes - Answers - -cluster along lymphatic vessels where they merge to form
trunks
-inguinal
-axillary
-cervical
2 functions:
1. filter microorganisms +debris from lymph- not delivered to bloodstream
2. activate the immune system
-lymphocytes in lymph nodes monitor for antigens
lymphoid tissue - Answers - -can be scattered around the body on organs and
connective tissue
-large collections of lymph tissue are found in lymph organs
-tissue type: reticular connective tissue
-functions: to protect body
1.) proliferation site for lymphocytes --> increase in number b/c replication
2.) ideal surveillance point for lymphocytes + macrophages
macrophages - Answers - live on the reticular fibers
lymphocytes - Answers - circulate between blood system + reticular tissue
lymphoid organs - Answers - -lymph nodes - connected to lymph vessels
-spleen
-thymus
-tonsils
spleen - Answers - -not central organ (can be removed)
-largest lymphoid organ
-left side abdominal cavity below diaphragm
-served by splenic artery + vein
-site of lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance + response
-serves to cleanse blood
-houses macrophages:
-removed debris, bacterial toxins
-stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron) for later use
-site of RBC production in infants
, -stores blood platelets
white pulp - Answers - -lymphocytes in reticular fibers
-found around branches of splenic arteries
-white b/c presence of WBCs
red pulp - Answers - the rest
-rest of splenic tissue
-mostly involved in disposal of debris
Thymus - Answers - -->lymphocytes--> T cells
-found in lower neck
-extends down partially covers heart
-most active in childhood
-stops growing in adolescence
-atrophies as we age
-old age-fibrous + fatty tissue
immunocompetent - Answers - Thymus makes sure cells can do their job before
releasing them into the body
outer cortex - Answers - part of thymus
-densely packed, dividing T lymphocytes- No B cells
-Most thymic cells are lymphocytes
inner medulla - Answers - part of thymus
-fewer lymphocytes
-Hassalls corpuscles
Hassalls corpuscles - Answers - areas of degenerating cells
-function unkown
Tonsils - Answers - -simplest lymphoid organ
-pairs
-appear as swellings in mucosa
palatine
lingual
pharyngeal
tubal
palatine tonsils - Answers - -posterior oral cavity
-largest+ most often infected
lingual tonsils - Answers - base of tongue
pharyngeal tonsil - Answers - adenoids
optimal blood pressure - Answers - Systolic below 120 mmHg
Diastolic below 80 mmHg
Normal Blood Pressure - Answers - Systolic 120 to 130 mmHg
Diastolic 80 to 85 mmHg
Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) - Answers - Systolic above 140 mmHg
Diastolic above 90 mmHg
Moderate Hypertension (Stage 2) - Answers - Systolic 160 to 179 mmHg
Diastolic 100 to 109 mmHg
Very Severe Hypertension (Stage 4) - Answers - Systolic greater than 210 mmHg
Diastolic greater than 120 mmHg
Lymphatic system - Answers - bridge from the vascular system to the immune system
Lymph Vessels - Answers - transport escaped blood fluids back to blood
-drainage vessels that return 3L interstitial fluid to blood/day
-in vessels this fluid is lymph
-vessels are blind-ended (lymph capillaries) weaving between tissue cells
-follow blood vessels
-very permeable
-walls are overlapping endothelial cells-from valve flaps- only open inward
lymph organs - Answers - house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
lacteals - Answers - in villi of intestinal mucosa
-absorb digested fats from intestine --> fatty lymph called chyle
collecting vessels - Answers - -3 tunics- similar to veins
-thinner walls
-more valves
-anastomose more
-in skin travel with superficial veins
-blood supply from vasa vasorum
-deep vessels travel with arteries
transport of lymph - Answers - -no pump
-skeletal/resp. muscles (contract/relax, pushing lymph up/negative pressure while
breathing)
-valves
,-more sporadic than flow in veins
lymphedema - Answers - lymphatic obstruction
-localized fluid retention and tissue swelling caused by a compromised lymphatic
system
-or because of lymph node removal
-not life-threatening, but is distressful
-diuretics can help
lymph nodes - Answers - -cluster along lymphatic vessels where they merge to form
trunks
-inguinal
-axillary
-cervical
2 functions:
1. filter microorganisms +debris from lymph- not delivered to bloodstream
2. activate the immune system
-lymphocytes in lymph nodes monitor for antigens
lymphoid tissue - Answers - -can be scattered around the body on organs and
connective tissue
-large collections of lymph tissue are found in lymph organs
-tissue type: reticular connective tissue
-functions: to protect body
1.) proliferation site for lymphocytes --> increase in number b/c replication
2.) ideal surveillance point for lymphocytes + macrophages
macrophages - Answers - live on the reticular fibers
lymphocytes - Answers - circulate between blood system + reticular tissue
lymphoid organs - Answers - -lymph nodes - connected to lymph vessels
-spleen
-thymus
-tonsils
spleen - Answers - -not central organ (can be removed)
-largest lymphoid organ
-left side abdominal cavity below diaphragm
-served by splenic artery + vein
-site of lymphocyte proliferation, immune surveillance + response
-serves to cleanse blood
-houses macrophages:
-removed debris, bacterial toxins
-stores breakdown products of RBCs (iron) for later use
-site of RBC production in infants
, -stores blood platelets
white pulp - Answers - -lymphocytes in reticular fibers
-found around branches of splenic arteries
-white b/c presence of WBCs
red pulp - Answers - the rest
-rest of splenic tissue
-mostly involved in disposal of debris
Thymus - Answers - -->lymphocytes--> T cells
-found in lower neck
-extends down partially covers heart
-most active in childhood
-stops growing in adolescence
-atrophies as we age
-old age-fibrous + fatty tissue
immunocompetent - Answers - Thymus makes sure cells can do their job before
releasing them into the body
outer cortex - Answers - part of thymus
-densely packed, dividing T lymphocytes- No B cells
-Most thymic cells are lymphocytes
inner medulla - Answers - part of thymus
-fewer lymphocytes
-Hassalls corpuscles
Hassalls corpuscles - Answers - areas of degenerating cells
-function unkown
Tonsils - Answers - -simplest lymphoid organ
-pairs
-appear as swellings in mucosa
palatine
lingual
pharyngeal
tubal
palatine tonsils - Answers - -posterior oral cavity
-largest+ most often infected
lingual tonsils - Answers - base of tongue
pharyngeal tonsil - Answers - adenoids
