BIOL 2150 EXAM 3 BLOOD REGULATION VERIFIED
STUDY GUIDE
Blood Pressure (BP) - Answers - Force of blood pushing against vessel walls
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Answers - Average arterial pressure during one cardiac
cycle
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answers - Blood pumped by heart per minute
CO formula - Answers - CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Heart Rate (HR) - Answers - Beats per minute
Stroke Volume (SV) - Answers - Blood pumped per beat
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - Answers - Resistance to blood flow in vessels
Blood Volume - Answers - Amount of blood in body
Main BP relationship - Answers - BP = CO × TPR
Increase in CO - Answers - Increases BP
Increase in TPR - Answers - Increases BP
Increase in blood volume - Answers - Increases BP
Decrease in CO - Answers - Decreases BP
Decrease in TPR - Answers - Decreases BP
Decrease in blood volume - Answers - Decreases BP
Vasoconstriction - Answers - Narrowing of vessels; increases TPR and BP
Vasodilation - Answers - Widening of vessels; decreases TPR and BP
Factors affecting TPR - Answers - Vessel diameter, blood viscosity, vessel length
Blood viscosity - Answers - Thickness of blood; higher viscosity increases BP
Vessel length - Answers - Longer vessels increase resistance and BP
, Short-term BP regulation - Answers - Rapid control via nervous system and hormones
Long-term BP regulation - Answers - Slow control via kidneys and blood volume
Cardiovascular center - Answers - Located in medulla; regulates HR and vessel
diameter
Cardioacceleratory center - Answers - Increases HR and contractility
Cardioinhibitory center - Answers - Decreases HR
Vasomotor center - Answers - Controls vessel diameter
Vasomotor tone - Answers - Constant partial constriction of arterioles
Sympathetic stimulation - Answers - Increases HR, contractility, vasoconstriction, BP
Parasympathetic stimulation - Answers - Decreases HR, lowers BP
Baroreceptors - Answers - Stretch receptors detecting BP changes
Location of baroreceptors - Answers - Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 1 - Answers - Increased BP stretches receptors
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 2 - Answers - Signals sent to medulla
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 3 - Answers - Inhibit cardioacceleratory and
vasomotor centers
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 4 - Answers - Decrease HR, contractility, vasodilation
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 5 - Answers - Decrease CO and TPR → BP
decreases
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 1 - Answers - Decreased BP reduces stretch
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 2 - Answers - Fewer signals to medulla
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 3 - Answers - Activate cardioacceleratory and
vasomotor centers
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 4 - Answers - Increase HR, contractility,
vasoconstriction
STUDY GUIDE
Blood Pressure (BP) - Answers - Force of blood pushing against vessel walls
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - Answers - Average arterial pressure during one cardiac
cycle
Cardiac Output (CO) - Answers - Blood pumped by heart per minute
CO formula - Answers - CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Heart Rate (HR) - Answers - Beats per minute
Stroke Volume (SV) - Answers - Blood pumped per beat
Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - Answers - Resistance to blood flow in vessels
Blood Volume - Answers - Amount of blood in body
Main BP relationship - Answers - BP = CO × TPR
Increase in CO - Answers - Increases BP
Increase in TPR - Answers - Increases BP
Increase in blood volume - Answers - Increases BP
Decrease in CO - Answers - Decreases BP
Decrease in TPR - Answers - Decreases BP
Decrease in blood volume - Answers - Decreases BP
Vasoconstriction - Answers - Narrowing of vessels; increases TPR and BP
Vasodilation - Answers - Widening of vessels; decreases TPR and BP
Factors affecting TPR - Answers - Vessel diameter, blood viscosity, vessel length
Blood viscosity - Answers - Thickness of blood; higher viscosity increases BP
Vessel length - Answers - Longer vessels increase resistance and BP
, Short-term BP regulation - Answers - Rapid control via nervous system and hormones
Long-term BP regulation - Answers - Slow control via kidneys and blood volume
Cardiovascular center - Answers - Located in medulla; regulates HR and vessel
diameter
Cardioacceleratory center - Answers - Increases HR and contractility
Cardioinhibitory center - Answers - Decreases HR
Vasomotor center - Answers - Controls vessel diameter
Vasomotor tone - Answers - Constant partial constriction of arterioles
Sympathetic stimulation - Answers - Increases HR, contractility, vasoconstriction, BP
Parasympathetic stimulation - Answers - Decreases HR, lowers BP
Baroreceptors - Answers - Stretch receptors detecting BP changes
Location of baroreceptors - Answers - Carotid sinus and aortic arch
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 1 - Answers - Increased BP stretches receptors
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 2 - Answers - Signals sent to medulla
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 3 - Answers - Inhibit cardioacceleratory and
vasomotor centers
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 4 - Answers - Decrease HR, contractility, vasodilation
Baroreceptor reflex (high BP) step 5 - Answers - Decrease CO and TPR → BP
decreases
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 1 - Answers - Decreased BP reduces stretch
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 2 - Answers - Fewer signals to medulla
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 3 - Answers - Activate cardioacceleratory and
vasomotor centers
Baroreceptor reflex (low BP) step 4 - Answers - Increase HR, contractility,
vasoconstriction
