BIOL 2150 | EXAM 1 REVIEW | CH. 1.1, GENETICS, 21,
AND 22 | VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
observation - Answers - viewing world around you
experimentation - Answers - controlled way of asking and answering questions about
the world objectively
hypothesis - Answers - tentative explanation for observation
purpose of experimentation - Answers - to test hypothesis
controlled experiment - Answers - conditions are kept as similar as possible in each
trial. one variable is changed per trial
variable - Answers - condition with possibility of causing change
independent variable - Answers - variable that is changed, it causes change
dependent variable - Answers - variable that is measured
control variable - Answers - variable that is kept constant throughout all experimentation
treatment group - Answers - group given the treatment/variable
test group - Answers - group given the treatment/variable
control group - Answers - group treated same as treatment group except it does not
receive treatment, the treatment group is compared to the control group
theory - Answers - general explanation of the world supported by a large body of
experiments and observations
what must be testable - Answers - predictions
scientific theory definition - Answers - hypothesizing based on observations and making
testable predictions based on that hypothesis
scientific theory steps - Answers - 1. observations
2. hypothesis
3. predictions
4. experiments and/or new observations
5. theory
, difference between hypothesis and theory - Answers - hypothesis is a proposed
explanation for a(n) observation(s), while a theory is much broader and comprehensive,
and is backed up by a large body of experiments
four classes of molecules - Answers - nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
genes - Answers - segments of DNA that encode information to make specific RNA or
protein
DNA - Answers - long molecule made up of small repeating units (nucleotides) that are
distinguishable by the chemical base they carry
nucleotide - Answers - building block of DNA, consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base
transcription - Answers - process of making mRNA from DNA
translation - Answers - process of making protein from mRNA
mutation - Answers - change in DNA sequence of a gene, increase in variation
allele - Answers - variant of a gene formed by mutations
types of mutations - Answers - silents mutations, missense mutations, nonsense
mutations
silent mutations - Answers - have neutral effect
missense mutations - Answers - have beneficial effect
nonsense mutations - Answers - have negative effect
genotype - Answers - genetic not physical, determines phenotype, set of alleles in a
particular individual
phenotype - Answers - physical not genetic, determined by genotype, interacts with
environment, detectable structure and function of a particular individual
diploid - Answers - organisms with two copies of each gene, one inherited from each
parent, can be homozygous or heterozygous
haploid - Answers - cells with only one copy of each gene
haploid examples - Answers - egg and sperm
homozygous - Answers - the two alleles are the same
AND 22 | VERIFIED STUDY GUIDE
observation - Answers - viewing world around you
experimentation - Answers - controlled way of asking and answering questions about
the world objectively
hypothesis - Answers - tentative explanation for observation
purpose of experimentation - Answers - to test hypothesis
controlled experiment - Answers - conditions are kept as similar as possible in each
trial. one variable is changed per trial
variable - Answers - condition with possibility of causing change
independent variable - Answers - variable that is changed, it causes change
dependent variable - Answers - variable that is measured
control variable - Answers - variable that is kept constant throughout all experimentation
treatment group - Answers - group given the treatment/variable
test group - Answers - group given the treatment/variable
control group - Answers - group treated same as treatment group except it does not
receive treatment, the treatment group is compared to the control group
theory - Answers - general explanation of the world supported by a large body of
experiments and observations
what must be testable - Answers - predictions
scientific theory definition - Answers - hypothesizing based on observations and making
testable predictions based on that hypothesis
scientific theory steps - Answers - 1. observations
2. hypothesis
3. predictions
4. experiments and/or new observations
5. theory
, difference between hypothesis and theory - Answers - hypothesis is a proposed
explanation for a(n) observation(s), while a theory is much broader and comprehensive,
and is backed up by a large body of experiments
four classes of molecules - Answers - nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
genes - Answers - segments of DNA that encode information to make specific RNA or
protein
DNA - Answers - long molecule made up of small repeating units (nucleotides) that are
distinguishable by the chemical base they carry
nucleotide - Answers - building block of DNA, consists of a phosphate, sugar, and base
transcription - Answers - process of making mRNA from DNA
translation - Answers - process of making protein from mRNA
mutation - Answers - change in DNA sequence of a gene, increase in variation
allele - Answers - variant of a gene formed by mutations
types of mutations - Answers - silents mutations, missense mutations, nonsense
mutations
silent mutations - Answers - have neutral effect
missense mutations - Answers - have beneficial effect
nonsense mutations - Answers - have negative effect
genotype - Answers - genetic not physical, determines phenotype, set of alleles in a
particular individual
phenotype - Answers - physical not genetic, determined by genotype, interacts with
environment, detectable structure and function of a particular individual
diploid - Answers - organisms with two copies of each gene, one inherited from each
parent, can be homozygous or heterozygous
haploid - Answers - cells with only one copy of each gene
haploid examples - Answers - egg and sperm
homozygous - Answers - the two alleles are the same
