NR 507 Final Exam
Advanced Pathophysiology (2026)
Chamberlain University
Actual Questions & Answers Plus Rationales
Latest 2026/27 Update (PDF) | Graded A+
THIS EXAM CONTAINS:
• 100% Pass Guarantee
• Actual Qs & Ans Plus Rationales
• Multiple Choice (A – D)
• Verified Rationales
• Latest 2026/27 (PDF) Update
,Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Neoplasia (Questions
1–15)
1. Which term describes the body's ability to maintain a stable
internal environment despite external changes?
A) Ischemia
B) Homeostasis
C) Necrosis
D) Atrophy
Rationale: Homeostasis refers to the dynamic processes that maintain
a stable internal environment. Disease often represents a failure of
homeostatic mechanisms. Ischemia disrupts homeostasis, while
necrosis and atrophy are consequences of failed adaptation.
2. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Genetic mutations
B) Hypoxia
C) Normal aging
D) Oxidative stress
Rationale: Hypoxia (inadequate oxygen delivery) is the most frequent
mechanism of cellular injury. It leads to ATP depletion, failure of the
Na⁺/K⁺ pump, cellular swelling, and ultimately cell death if
uncorrected. This pathway is central to myocardial infarction, stroke,
and shock.
AE
,3. A patient has a mutation in the TP53 gene. Which cellular
process is most directly impaired?
A) DNA replication
B) Apoptosis
C) ATP synthesis
D) Phagocytosis
Rationale: TP53 (p53) is a tumor suppressor that triggers apoptosis
or cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. Mutation of this gene
impairs this critical protective mechanism.
4. Which phase of the cell cycle is most susceptible to damage by
chemotherapy that targets DNA synthesis?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) M
Rationale: The S phase is when DNA replication occurs, making it the
primary target for chemotherapeutic agents that interfere with DNA
synthesis.
5. A 65-year-old male with a 40-pack-year smoking history
develops a persistent cough. A biopsy of a lung nodule shows
disorganized, atypical cells. This finding is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
AE
, C) Dysplasia
D) Anaplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to disordered cellular growth with loss of
uniformity and architectural organization. It is often a precursor to
malignancy, particularly in epithelial tissues such as the respiratory
tract.
6. A decrease in cell size due to disuse, denervation, ischemia, or
nutritional deficiency is termed:
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Causes include disuse
(immobilization), denervation (nerve damage), ischemia (reduced
blood flow), and nutritional deficiencies.
7. A patient with long-standing hypertension develops an enlarged
left ventricle. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. Cardiac muscle cells cannot undergo hyperplasia
AE
Advanced Pathophysiology (2026)
Chamberlain University
Actual Questions & Answers Plus Rationales
Latest 2026/27 Update (PDF) | Graded A+
THIS EXAM CONTAINS:
• 100% Pass Guarantee
• Actual Qs & Ans Plus Rationales
• Multiple Choice (A – D)
• Verified Rationales
• Latest 2026/27 (PDF) Update
,Section 1: Cellular Adaptation, Injury, and Neoplasia (Questions
1–15)
1. Which term describes the body's ability to maintain a stable
internal environment despite external changes?
A) Ischemia
B) Homeostasis
C) Necrosis
D) Atrophy
Rationale: Homeostasis refers to the dynamic processes that maintain
a stable internal environment. Disease often represents a failure of
homeostatic mechanisms. Ischemia disrupts homeostasis, while
necrosis and atrophy are consequences of failed adaptation.
2. What is the most common cause of cellular injury?
A) Genetic mutations
B) Hypoxia
C) Normal aging
D) Oxidative stress
Rationale: Hypoxia (inadequate oxygen delivery) is the most frequent
mechanism of cellular injury. It leads to ATP depletion, failure of the
Na⁺/K⁺ pump, cellular swelling, and ultimately cell death if
uncorrected. This pathway is central to myocardial infarction, stroke,
and shock.
AE
,3. A patient has a mutation in the TP53 gene. Which cellular
process is most directly impaired?
A) DNA replication
B) Apoptosis
C) ATP synthesis
D) Phagocytosis
Rationale: TP53 (p53) is a tumor suppressor that triggers apoptosis
or cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage. Mutation of this gene
impairs this critical protective mechanism.
4. Which phase of the cell cycle is most susceptible to damage by
chemotherapy that targets DNA synthesis?
A) G1
B) S
C) G2
D) M
Rationale: The S phase is when DNA replication occurs, making it the
primary target for chemotherapeutic agents that interfere with DNA
synthesis.
5. A 65-year-old male with a 40-pack-year smoking history
develops a persistent cough. A biopsy of a lung nodule shows
disorganized, atypical cells. This finding is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
AE
, C) Dysplasia
D) Anaplasia
Rationale: Dysplasia refers to disordered cellular growth with loss of
uniformity and architectural organization. It is often a precursor to
malignancy, particularly in epithelial tissues such as the respiratory
tract.
6. A decrease in cell size due to disuse, denervation, ischemia, or
nutritional deficiency is termed:
A) Hypertrophy
B) Hyperplasia
C) Atrophy
D) Metaplasia
Rationale: Atrophy is a decrease in cell size. Causes include disuse
(immobilization), denervation (nerve damage), ischemia (reduced
blood flow), and nutritional deficiencies.
7. A patient with long-standing hypertension develops an enlarged
left ventricle. This cellular adaptation is best described as:
A) Hyperplasia
B) Hypertrophy
C) Metaplasia
D) Dysplasia
Rationale: Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size leading to organ
enlargement. Cardiac muscle cells cannot undergo hyperplasia
AE
