NUR 104 EXAM 2 COMPREHENSIVE
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING STUDY GUIDE
2026
◉ phenomenon.
Answer: 1. something remarkable that happened, usually for
unknown reasons or causes
2. things that are perceived by our senses
3. explains an idea or a reaction to an event or situation
◉ examples of phenomena.
Answer: death, pain, suffering, falls in ICU, care
◉ nursing theory.
Answer: 1. compilation of information that defines, describes, and
relates data that explains past nursing phenomena and predicts
future nursing trends.
2. Foundation for developing a framework for nursing practice
3. guides practice and decision making
◉ concept.
Answer: 1. idea or impression, basic ingredients of nursing theory
,- all nurses should work to promote healthy outcomes for patients
through prevention, treatment, maintenance, and education
◉ 4 nursing metaparadigms.
Answer: person, environment, health, nursing
◉ most important part of the 4 metaparadigms of nursing.
Answer: the person
◉ metaparadigm 1: person.
Answer: patient
◉ metaparadigm 2: environment.
Answer: internal or external
◉ metaparadigm 3: health.
Answer: physical, social, mental, emotional, spiritual; degree of
wellness
◉ metaparadigm 4: nursing.
Answer: process, science, art; attributes of a nurse
,◉ Florence Nightingale.
Answer: - first nursing theorist
- environmental adaptation theory
- lady with the lamp: light in darkness; wake people up to action
- Crimean War
◉ environmental adaptation theory.
Answer: Florence Nightingale
- ventilation, noise, variety, diet, light, false hope, cleanliness
◉ Dorothea Orem.
Answer: Self-Care Deficit Model
◉ Self-Care Deficit Model.
Answer: - restore pts ability to care for self
- help pt regain function/maximize function to meet needs
- restore sense of well-being
◉ Adaptation Model.
Answer: - nurse is change agent for helping pt adapt to new
circumstances
- restores well-being, life worth, self-respect, dignity
, ◉ Sister Callista Roy.
Answer: Adaptation Model
◉ Madeline Leininger.
Answer: Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality
◉ Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality.
Answer: - betterment of all people from all cultures
- cultural competency
- people are culturally different--how do we meet their different
needs
- individualized pt care
- how to care for people who are different
- differences can lead to ineffective interventions, misunderstanding,
and the pt feeling unheard or uncared for
◉ Patricia Benner.
Answer: Novice to Expert Theory
◉ Novice to Expert Theory basics.
Answer: - learning is progressive
FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING STUDY GUIDE
2026
◉ phenomenon.
Answer: 1. something remarkable that happened, usually for
unknown reasons or causes
2. things that are perceived by our senses
3. explains an idea or a reaction to an event or situation
◉ examples of phenomena.
Answer: death, pain, suffering, falls in ICU, care
◉ nursing theory.
Answer: 1. compilation of information that defines, describes, and
relates data that explains past nursing phenomena and predicts
future nursing trends.
2. Foundation for developing a framework for nursing practice
3. guides practice and decision making
◉ concept.
Answer: 1. idea or impression, basic ingredients of nursing theory
,- all nurses should work to promote healthy outcomes for patients
through prevention, treatment, maintenance, and education
◉ 4 nursing metaparadigms.
Answer: person, environment, health, nursing
◉ most important part of the 4 metaparadigms of nursing.
Answer: the person
◉ metaparadigm 1: person.
Answer: patient
◉ metaparadigm 2: environment.
Answer: internal or external
◉ metaparadigm 3: health.
Answer: physical, social, mental, emotional, spiritual; degree of
wellness
◉ metaparadigm 4: nursing.
Answer: process, science, art; attributes of a nurse
,◉ Florence Nightingale.
Answer: - first nursing theorist
- environmental adaptation theory
- lady with the lamp: light in darkness; wake people up to action
- Crimean War
◉ environmental adaptation theory.
Answer: Florence Nightingale
- ventilation, noise, variety, diet, light, false hope, cleanliness
◉ Dorothea Orem.
Answer: Self-Care Deficit Model
◉ Self-Care Deficit Model.
Answer: - restore pts ability to care for self
- help pt regain function/maximize function to meet needs
- restore sense of well-being
◉ Adaptation Model.
Answer: - nurse is change agent for helping pt adapt to new
circumstances
- restores well-being, life worth, self-respect, dignity
, ◉ Sister Callista Roy.
Answer: Adaptation Model
◉ Madeline Leininger.
Answer: Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality
◉ Theory of Cultural Care Diversity and Universality.
Answer: - betterment of all people from all cultures
- cultural competency
- people are culturally different--how do we meet their different
needs
- individualized pt care
- how to care for people who are different
- differences can lead to ineffective interventions, misunderstanding,
and the pt feeling unheard or uncared for
◉ Patricia Benner.
Answer: Novice to Expert Theory
◉ Novice to Expert Theory basics.
Answer: - learning is progressive
