PN 111 Exam 1, PN 111 EXAM 2, PNR
111 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATE
- ANSWER food people eat eat and how their bodies use it
Nutrition Science - ANSWER the body of scientific knowledge that governs
nutrient requirements
wellness - ANSWER full development of potential while maintaining a balance in
variance dichotomies
signs of good nutrition - ANSWER physical appearance, anthropometric
measurement, biochemical markers
6 essential nutrients - ANSWER water, vitamins, minerals, fats/lipids,
carbohydrates, protein, sometimes fiber
energy yielding nutrients - ANSWER carbohydrates, fats, proteins
function of nutrients - ANSWER provide the building blocks for efficient
functioning and maintenance of the body
Metabolism - ANSWER sum of all body processes that accomplish the basic life-
sustaining taks
kilocalorie - ANSWER measure of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 L
of water by one degree
Carbs - ANSWER 4 kcal/g
quick energy stored as gylcogen
fat - ANSWER 9 kcal/g
,secondary energy
Protein - ANSWER 4 kcal/g
used for critical functions
Alcohol - ANSWER 7 kcal/g
recommended carbs - ANSWER 45-65%
recommended fats - ANSWER 20-35%
recommended protein - ANSWER 10-35%
amino acids - ANSWER building blocks of proteins
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - ANSWER Strengthens immune system, acts an
antioxidant, may protect against cataracts.
(citrus fruits & juice, strawberries, spinach. collagen
mineral, calcium, and phosphorous - ANSWER help build/maintain bone
fatty acids - ANSWER building blocks of lipids, help make phospholipids, found
in cell membranes
optimal nutrition - ANSWER Sufficient nutrients are consumed to support day-to-
day tasks
malnutrition - ANSWER faulty or inadequate diet
Overnutrition - ANSWER Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the
degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease; a form of malnutrition
digestion - ANSWER the process by which food is broken down in GI tract to
release nutrients in forms that body can absorb
transport - ANSWER movement of nutrients through the circulatory. system from
one area of the body to another
antrum of stomach - ANSWER lower portion near small intestine where food
mixes with gastric juice
pyloris - ANSWER last part of stomach has valve to control emptying of stomach
contents into small intestines
duodenum - ANSWER first part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the
stomach and the jejunum
,Chyme - ANSWER Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive
enzymes and acids in the stomach.
zymogen - ANSWER proenzyme, any group of proteins that display no catalytic
activity but are transformed within an organism into enzymes
pepsinogen - ANSWER inactive form of pepsin released stomach wall cells
activated by KCL into protease. pepsin
tributyrinase - ANSWER breaks down tributyrin
simple diffusion - ANSWER particles moving down its concentration gradient
without assist includes diffusion without assist to move across cell membrane
facilitated diffusion - ANSWER diffusion that uses a protein channel to assist
movement of larger molecules
active transport - ANSWER particles moved across barrier and against their
concentration gradient via a carrier; e.g. glucose/Na/K.
Pinocytosis - ANSWER penetration of larger material by attaching to the thick
cell membrane before the cell engulfs it.
vascular system - ANSWER carries water soluble nutrients, oxygen, transports
waste, portal circulation
lymphatic system - ANSWER alternative route for fat soluble nutrient absorption
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER Vitamins A, D, E, K
Phenylketonuria - ANSWER a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive
enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. without it phenylalanine will build
up to toxic levels
galactosemia - ANSWER genetic disease caused by a missing enzyme that alters
normal carbohydrate metabolism. autosomal recessive disorder. galactose free
diet
glycogen storage disease (GSD) - ANSWER are a group of rare genetic defects
that inhibit the normal metabolic pathways of glycogen. Unable to use stored
glycogen to keep blood glucose normal during fasting
avoid hypoglycemia through a balanced CHO diet
, lactose intolerance - ANSWER deficiency of one of the disaccharidases (lactase,
sucrase, maltase) in small intestine; so, cannot digest that sugar.
100% organic - ANSWER must be made or produced exclusively with certified
organic ingredients, and they must have passed a government inspection. USDA
Organic Seal
organic - ANSWER must contain at least 95% organic ingredients and must have
passed a government inspection. USDA Organic Seal with the percentage of
organic ingredients listed.
made with organic - ANSWER Products made with at least 70% certified organic
ingredients may state on the product label "made with organic ingredients" and
list up to three ingredients or food groups. These foods also must meet the
National Organic Program guidelines for growth or production without synthetic
pesticides, fertilizers, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation. May
not display the USDA Organic Seal or use it in any advertising
specific organic ingredients - ANSWER Foods made with less than 70% certified
organic ingredients may not use the USDA Organic Seal or make any organic
claims on the front panel of the package. They can list the specific organic
ingredients on the side panel of the package.
bacterial food infections - ANSWER Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Listerosis,
Escherichia
coli, vibrio
bacterial food poisoning - ANSWER Staphylococcus and clostridial food
poisoning
food borne viruses - ANSWER Hepatitis A
Norovirus
Rotavirus
food borne parasites - ANSWER Giardiasis
Roundworms
Flatworms
refrigerator temp - ANSWER 40f
freezer temp - ANSWER 0F
frig food keep time - ANSWER 1-2 or 3-4 days
Whole poultry - ANSWER 180
111 EXAM 3 LATEST UPDATE
- ANSWER food people eat eat and how their bodies use it
Nutrition Science - ANSWER the body of scientific knowledge that governs
nutrient requirements
wellness - ANSWER full development of potential while maintaining a balance in
variance dichotomies
signs of good nutrition - ANSWER physical appearance, anthropometric
measurement, biochemical markers
6 essential nutrients - ANSWER water, vitamins, minerals, fats/lipids,
carbohydrates, protein, sometimes fiber
energy yielding nutrients - ANSWER carbohydrates, fats, proteins
function of nutrients - ANSWER provide the building blocks for efficient
functioning and maintenance of the body
Metabolism - ANSWER sum of all body processes that accomplish the basic life-
sustaining taks
kilocalorie - ANSWER measure of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 L
of water by one degree
Carbs - ANSWER 4 kcal/g
quick energy stored as gylcogen
fat - ANSWER 9 kcal/g
,secondary energy
Protein - ANSWER 4 kcal/g
used for critical functions
Alcohol - ANSWER 7 kcal/g
recommended carbs - ANSWER 45-65%
recommended fats - ANSWER 20-35%
recommended protein - ANSWER 10-35%
amino acids - ANSWER building blocks of proteins
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) - ANSWER Strengthens immune system, acts an
antioxidant, may protect against cataracts.
(citrus fruits & juice, strawberries, spinach. collagen
mineral, calcium, and phosphorous - ANSWER help build/maintain bone
fatty acids - ANSWER building blocks of lipids, help make phospholipids, found
in cell membranes
optimal nutrition - ANSWER Sufficient nutrients are consumed to support day-to-
day tasks
malnutrition - ANSWER faulty or inadequate diet
Overnutrition - ANSWER Too much food energy or excess nutrients to the
degree of causing disease or increasing risk of disease; a form of malnutrition
digestion - ANSWER the process by which food is broken down in GI tract to
release nutrients in forms that body can absorb
transport - ANSWER movement of nutrients through the circulatory. system from
one area of the body to another
antrum of stomach - ANSWER lower portion near small intestine where food
mixes with gastric juice
pyloris - ANSWER last part of stomach has valve to control emptying of stomach
contents into small intestines
duodenum - ANSWER first part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the
stomach and the jejunum
,Chyme - ANSWER Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive
enzymes and acids in the stomach.
zymogen - ANSWER proenzyme, any group of proteins that display no catalytic
activity but are transformed within an organism into enzymes
pepsinogen - ANSWER inactive form of pepsin released stomach wall cells
activated by KCL into protease. pepsin
tributyrinase - ANSWER breaks down tributyrin
simple diffusion - ANSWER particles moving down its concentration gradient
without assist includes diffusion without assist to move across cell membrane
facilitated diffusion - ANSWER diffusion that uses a protein channel to assist
movement of larger molecules
active transport - ANSWER particles moved across barrier and against their
concentration gradient via a carrier; e.g. glucose/Na/K.
Pinocytosis - ANSWER penetration of larger material by attaching to the thick
cell membrane before the cell engulfs it.
vascular system - ANSWER carries water soluble nutrients, oxygen, transports
waste, portal circulation
lymphatic system - ANSWER alternative route for fat soluble nutrient absorption
Fat soluble vitamins - ANSWER Vitamins A, D, E, K
Phenylketonuria - ANSWER a genetic disorder in which the essential digestive
enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. without it phenylalanine will build
up to toxic levels
galactosemia - ANSWER genetic disease caused by a missing enzyme that alters
normal carbohydrate metabolism. autosomal recessive disorder. galactose free
diet
glycogen storage disease (GSD) - ANSWER are a group of rare genetic defects
that inhibit the normal metabolic pathways of glycogen. Unable to use stored
glycogen to keep blood glucose normal during fasting
avoid hypoglycemia through a balanced CHO diet
, lactose intolerance - ANSWER deficiency of one of the disaccharidases (lactase,
sucrase, maltase) in small intestine; so, cannot digest that sugar.
100% organic - ANSWER must be made or produced exclusively with certified
organic ingredients, and they must have passed a government inspection. USDA
Organic Seal
organic - ANSWER must contain at least 95% organic ingredients and must have
passed a government inspection. USDA Organic Seal with the percentage of
organic ingredients listed.
made with organic - ANSWER Products made with at least 70% certified organic
ingredients may state on the product label "made with organic ingredients" and
list up to three ingredients or food groups. These foods also must meet the
National Organic Program guidelines for growth or production without synthetic
pesticides, fertilizers, sewage sludge, bioengineering, or ionizing radiation. May
not display the USDA Organic Seal or use it in any advertising
specific organic ingredients - ANSWER Foods made with less than 70% certified
organic ingredients may not use the USDA Organic Seal or make any organic
claims on the front panel of the package. They can list the specific organic
ingredients on the side panel of the package.
bacterial food infections - ANSWER Salmonellosis, Shigellosis, Listerosis,
Escherichia
coli, vibrio
bacterial food poisoning - ANSWER Staphylococcus and clostridial food
poisoning
food borne viruses - ANSWER Hepatitis A
Norovirus
Rotavirus
food borne parasites - ANSWER Giardiasis
Roundworms
Flatworms
refrigerator temp - ANSWER 40f
freezer temp - ANSWER 0F
frig food keep time - ANSWER 1-2 or 3-4 days
Whole poultry - ANSWER 180
