History summary for 3 VWO students doing bilingual education. This is about the Netherlands in the 20th century and belongs to the book MEMO VWO 3 TTO. Paragraphs 2 to 5 are summarized here plus all keywords per section.
At the end of the 19th century Abraham Kuyper understood that ‘ordinary people’ could get
more power by working together. This was the start of a segregated society.
He wanted his fellow Protestant-Christians to have a own environment to live in, based on
their beliefs and worldview.
Each group had its own political parties, schools, sport clubs, newspapers, radio channels,
ect. Also they only went along with people from their own group.
Protestants were the first to apply this new living style, but soon also the Catholics and
Socialists followed Kuypers example. But the Liberals were against this new living style, they
believed in unity and nationalism within the Netherlands.
Even though these groups don’t support each other in politics, they did in fact help each
other. They all agreed on the introduction of universal suffrage (1917) and the equalisation of
special and state schools. From then on Protestant and Catholic schools were financed by
the government.
*Segregation: Division of Dutch society into groups with their own political or religious conviction: each group had their own newspaper and own associations.
First Feminist Wave
Around 1890 the first feministic wave took place. Women had no rights and they were fully
dependent on their masculine family, what many women thought was unfair. Women wanted
universal suffrage. This movement came to an end after the introduction of universal
suffrage (1919). Women got a little more freedom.
Changes for women:
- The way people dressed
- Women could now work
*First feminist wave: Movement during the period 1880-1920 which predominantly fought for universal suffrage for women.
Neutral During WW1
During the WW1 the Netherlands remained neutral, but that doesn’t mean no changes
occured in our country because of the war.
- 200.000 men and 17.000 horses transported over the border.
- Belgians fled to the Netherlands to find shelter from the war.
- Because of the flourishing of the world economy, the Netherlands earned lots of
money with import and export because of its favorable location.
, - Neutrality policy: the Netherlands wanted to remain friends with all trading countries
to continue trading. The Dutch earned lots of money from this: there was little to no
competition and scarcity had risen in war countries.
- 1917, the opposite happened: the Germans attacked dutch merchants that were on
their way to England, this caused declinasion in merchant trading. This was the
cause of the declining in raw material import and export, and the production in the
Netherlands became less.
*Neutrality policy: Policy of the Dutch government during the WW1. The aim was to maintain good relationships with all trade partners, including countries that were at
war with each other .
The World in Crises
Due to the dutch open economy, the country was vulnerable from influences from outside.
So the Dutch were also hit by the Wall Street Crash in 1929.
- Export declined
- Trade with Germany, US and Uk declined
- Business went bust and lots of unemployment
The Dutch prime minister Colijn encountered lower tax revenues and higher expenses.
Colijn responded to this by economising on state expenses and lowering the benefits and
civil servants’ wages. He maintained the value of the current currency (the guilder). This is
why the crisis lasted longer, because the governement only lowered the currency value by
1936.
*Economic crisis: Period in which the economy was poor, companies were struggling, many people were unemployed or earned very little and consumers had little faith
in the economy, like in the 1930’s and 1980’s.
Section 3 - Working Together to Rebuild the Country
Reconstruction
The reconstruction of the Netherlands was a difficult process. There was shortage of
necessary things like: fuel, food and money.
- The government prioritised the prevention of inflation: To prevent the rise of prices of
scarce goods, products remained rationed until 1949. The government also
implemented a currency reform: everyone had to swap their old banknotes for new
ones
- Relaunch of the industry: The Netherlands was supposed to become a industrial
nation that produces cheap products for export, thats why the government kept
wages low. The employees agreed not to strike, in change of good working
conditions and good social ligeslation. This cooperation is called the ‘harmony
model’.
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