BIOS 252 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue?
Troponin and Tropomyosin
What does Calcium bind to?
Troponin
Where does Calcium come from?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens?
There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin moves Tropomyosin away so
that Myosin can bind to Actin
What are characteristics of all muscles?
Electrical excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
,What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space (where CSF is found), Pia
Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
What is the filum terminale?
An extension of the Pia Mater which attaches the spinal cord to coccygeal segment
What is an isometric contraction?
Length of muscle does not change, but tension does
What is an isotonic contraction?
Length of muscle changes, but tension does not
What is a concentric isotonic contraction?
Muscle shortens
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction?
Muscle lengthens
What is an agonist?
, Prime mover
What is an antagonist?
Opposes action of the prime mover
What is a synergist?
An "assistant" or "helper" muscle to the agonist
What is a fixator?
Stabilizes muscles
What is the origin?
Point of origin for a muscle with NO movement
What is the insertion
Where the muscle inserts, non-stable end where most of the movement associated
with the muscle is performed
In a first class lever system, what is in the middle?
Fulcrum
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
What are mediating proteins of muscle tissue?
Troponin and Tropomyosin
What does Calcium bind to?
Troponin
Where does Calcium come from?
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
When Calcium binds to Troponin, what happens?
There is a confirmational change wherein Troponin moves Tropomyosin away so
that Myosin can bind to Actin
What are characteristics of all muscles?
Electrical excitability, extensibility, elasticity, contractility
,What are the three meninges from outer to inner, including spaces?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Subarachnoid Space (where CSF is found), Pia
Mater (directly attached to spinal cord and brain)
What is the filum terminale?
An extension of the Pia Mater which attaches the spinal cord to coccygeal segment
What is an isometric contraction?
Length of muscle does not change, but tension does
What is an isotonic contraction?
Length of muscle changes, but tension does not
What is a concentric isotonic contraction?
Muscle shortens
What is an eccentric isotonic contraction?
Muscle lengthens
What is an agonist?
, Prime mover
What is an antagonist?
Opposes action of the prime mover
What is a synergist?
An "assistant" or "helper" muscle to the agonist
What is a fixator?
Stabilizes muscles
What is the origin?
Point of origin for a muscle with NO movement
What is the insertion
Where the muscle inserts, non-stable end where most of the movement associated
with the muscle is performed
In a first class lever system, what is in the middle?
Fulcrum
