NUR 7560 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED
A+
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in the body?
DNA synthesis and myelin formation.
What are the neurologic signs of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Paresthesia, loss of vibration sense, ataxia.
What is the mechanism of Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)?
Inflammation leads to increased IL-6, which increases Hepcidin, blocking iron
release from macrophages.
What are Reed-Sternberg cells?
Large, bilobed 'owl-eye' cells seen in Hodgkin lymphoma, which are malignant B
cells.
What causes Sickle Cell Crisis?
A mutation in the beta-globin gene leading to HbS polymerization under hypoxia.
,What are the complications of Sickle Cell Crisis?
Stroke, organ infarction, infection (functional asplenia).
What differentiates Aplastic Anemia from Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?
Aplastic Anemia has hypocellular marrow with no abnormal cells, while MDS has
hypercellular marrow with dysplastic cells.
What is a proto-oncogene?
A normal growth-promoting gene that can become an oncogene through mutation,
leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)?
Stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1.
What are the lab findings in SIADH?
Low serum sodium, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, euvolemic
hyponatremia.
What are the lab findings in Diabetes Insipidus?
, High serum sodium, low urine osmolality, polyuria.
What is the first step in evaluating thyroid disorders?
Measure TSH.
Where does red blood cell (RBC) production occur?
In the bone marrow.
What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Hypoxia.
What is the sequence of RBC development starting from hematopoietic stem cells?
Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid progenitor → Proerythroblast → Reticulocyte
→ Mature erythrocyte.
What are the requirements for erythropoiesis?
Iron for hemoglobin synthesis, Vitamin B12 and Folate for DNA synthesis, and
EPO for proliferation signal.
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED
A+
What is the role of Vitamin B12 in the body?
DNA synthesis and myelin formation.
What are the neurologic signs of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Paresthesia, loss of vibration sense, ataxia.
What is the mechanism of Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD)?
Inflammation leads to increased IL-6, which increases Hepcidin, blocking iron
release from macrophages.
What are Reed-Sternberg cells?
Large, bilobed 'owl-eye' cells seen in Hodgkin lymphoma, which are malignant B
cells.
What causes Sickle Cell Crisis?
A mutation in the beta-globin gene leading to HbS polymerization under hypoxia.
,What are the complications of Sickle Cell Crisis?
Stroke, organ infarction, infection (functional asplenia).
What differentiates Aplastic Anemia from Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS)?
Aplastic Anemia has hypocellular marrow with no abnormal cells, while MDS has
hypercellular marrow with dysplastic cells.
What is a proto-oncogene?
A normal growth-promoting gene that can become an oncogene through mutation,
leading to uncontrolled proliferation.
What is the function of Growth Hormone (GH)?
Stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1.
What are the lab findings in SIADH?
Low serum sodium, low serum osmolality, high urine osmolality, euvolemic
hyponatremia.
What are the lab findings in Diabetes Insipidus?
, High serum sodium, low urine osmolality, polyuria.
What is the first step in evaluating thyroid disorders?
Measure TSH.
Where does red blood cell (RBC) production occur?
In the bone marrow.
What stimulates the release of erythropoietin (EPO)?
Hypoxia.
What is the sequence of RBC development starting from hematopoietic stem cells?
Hematopoietic stem cell → Myeloid progenitor → Proerythroblast → Reticulocyte
→ Mature erythrocyte.
What are the requirements for erythropoiesis?
Iron for hemoglobin synthesis, Vitamin B12 and Folate for DNA synthesis, and
EPO for proliferation signal.
What does a high reticulocyte count indicate?
