NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm 2026/2027 updated
exam with correct answers
Bronchioles - correct answer >>>smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi
that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer >>>innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer >>>the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer >>>embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer >>>white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer
>>>the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response
that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer >>>columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer >>>smooth
muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer >>>control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer >>>When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer >>>the ongoing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer >>>-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer >>>tiotropium and
ipratropium
,What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer >>>These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer >>>the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer >>>inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer >>>bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - correct answer >>>The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer >>>cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - correct answer >>>there is hypoxia due
to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - correct answer >>>when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - correct answer >>>-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - correct answer >>>-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - correct answer >>>tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - correct answer
>>>- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
, - epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - correct answer >>>causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - correct answer
>>>promotes hypersecretion of mucus
Asthma - correct answer >>>Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer >>>coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer >>>-airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - correct answer >>>squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - correct answer >>>increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? - correct answer >>>leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - correct answer >>>respiratory
acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - correct answer
>>>hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - correct answer >>>naso and oropharynx (mouth and
nose)
exam with correct answers
Bronchioles - correct answer >>>smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi
that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - correct answer >>>innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - correct answer >>>the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - correct answer >>>embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - correct answer >>>white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - correct answer
>>>the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response
that damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer >>>columnar
epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - correct answer >>>smooth
muscle cells
what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - correct answer >>>control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - correct answer >>>When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - correct answer >>>the ongoing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - correct answer >>>-expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - correct answer >>>tiotropium and
ipratropium
,What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - correct answer >>>These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - correct answer >>>the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - correct answer >>>inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - correct answer >>>bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - correct answer >>>The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - correct answer >>>cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - correct answer >>>there is hypoxia due
to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Right to left shunting - correct answer >>>when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis - correct answer >>>-long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis - correct answer >>>-Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? - correct answer >>>tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) - correct answer
>>>- smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
, - epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? - correct answer >>>causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials - correct answer
>>>promotes hypersecretion of mucus
Asthma - correct answer >>>Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - correct answer >>>coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - correct answer >>>-airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? - correct answer >>>squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? - correct answer >>>increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? - correct answer >>>leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? - correct answer >>>respiratory
acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? - correct answer
>>>hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? - correct answer >>>naso and oropharynx (mouth and
nose)
