NURS 6501 ADVANCED
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
2026/2027 | Latest Version with
Complete Solutions | Graduate Nursing |
Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Question 1: A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy.
Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?
A) Aerobic respiration
B) Creatine phosphate accumulation
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis allows muscle cells to produce ATP without oxygen by
breaking down glucose into lactate, enabling continued muscle performance when
oxygen is depleted .
,Question 2: What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that
initiates an action potential?
A) Potassium gates open and potassium rushes out
B) Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell
C) Chloride channels open and chloride enters the cell
D) Calcium gates close and calcium is trapped outside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rapid depolarization occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open,
allowing sodium influx that changes membrane potential from negative to positive .
Question 3: A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His
karyotype would reveal which of the following?
A) XO
B) XXY
C) XXX
D) XYY
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype, affecting male
sexual development and fertility .
Question 4: A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband,
what is the nurse looking for?
,A) The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
B) The person with the most severe symptoms
C) The person who is the oldest in the family
D) The person who is the youngest in the family
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The proband is the first individual in a family diagnosed with a genetic
disease, serving as the starting point for pedigree analysis .
Question 5: An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will
show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse
explain to the aide?
A) Penetrance
B) Expressivity
C) Dominance
D) Recessiveness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Expressivity refers to the varying degree or severity of disease expression in
individuals with the same genetic mutation, explaining why neurofibromatosis shows
different manifestations .
Question 6: In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the
nurse include regarding cholesterol?
A) Cholesterol increases membrane fluidity of erythrocytes
B) Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, reducing oxygen-
, carrying ability
C) Cholesterol has no effect on erythrocyte membrane
D) Cholesterol increases oxygen binding capacity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholesterol decreases erythrocyte membrane fluidity, which reduces the
cell's ability to carry oxygen effectively .
Question 7: When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse
respond?
A) Autosomal dominant gene
B) Autosomal recessive gene
C) X-linked recessive gene
D) Mitochondrial gene
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is caused by an autosomal recessive gene mutation affecting
the CFTR protein .
Question 8: How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma
membranes?
A) By simple diffusion
B) By facilitated diffusion
C) By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
D) By osmosis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM
2026/2027 | Latest Version with
Complete Solutions | Graduate Nursing |
Pass Guaranteed - A+ Graded
Question 1: A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy.
Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance?
A) Aerobic respiration
B) Creatine phosphate accumulation
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Beta-oxidation
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaerobic glycolysis allows muscle cells to produce ATP without oxygen by
breaking down glucose into lactate, enabling continued muscle performance when
oxygen is depleted .
,Question 2: What causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that
initiates an action potential?
A) Potassium gates open and potassium rushes out
B) Sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell
C) Chloride channels open and chloride enters the cell
D) Calcium gates close and calcium is trapped outside
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Rapid depolarization occurs when voltage-gated sodium channels open,
allowing sodium influx that changes membrane potential from negative to positive .
Question 3: A 12-year-old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His
karyotype would reveal which of the following?
A) XO
B) XXY
C) XXX
D) XYY
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Klinefelter syndrome is characterized by a 47,XXY karyotype, affecting male
sexual development and fertility .
Question 4: A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband,
what is the nurse looking for?
,A) The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease
B) The person with the most severe symptoms
C) The person who is the oldest in the family
D) The person who is the youngest in the family
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The proband is the first individual in a family diagnosed with a genetic
disease, serving as the starting point for pedigree analysis .
Question 5: An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will
show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse
explain to the aide?
A) Penetrance
B) Expressivity
C) Dominance
D) Recessiveness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Expressivity refers to the varying degree or severity of disease expression in
individuals with the same genetic mutation, explaining why neurofibromatosis shows
different manifestations .
Question 6: In teaching a patient with cirrhosis, which information should the
nurse include regarding cholesterol?
A) Cholesterol increases membrane fluidity of erythrocytes
B) Cholesterol decreases the membrane fluidity of the erythrocyte, reducing oxygen-
, carrying ability
C) Cholesterol has no effect on erythrocyte membrane
D) Cholesterol increases oxygen binding capacity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cholesterol decreases erythrocyte membrane fluidity, which reduces the
cell's ability to carry oxygen effectively .
Question 7: When a patient asks what causes cystic fibrosis, how should the nurse
respond?
A) Autosomal dominant gene
B) Autosomal recessive gene
C) X-linked recessive gene
D) Mitochondrial gene
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cystic fibrosis is caused by an autosomal recessive gene mutation affecting
the CFTR protein .
Question 8: How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma
membranes?
A) By simple diffusion
B) By facilitated diffusion
C) By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase)
D) By osmosis
