PSYCH 412 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS
What is a major developmental task during adolescence? - answers - establishing
autonomy
What is cognitive autonomy? - answers - - internalized sense of right and wrong
- personal value system
- moral decision-making
What is morality? - answers - the ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this
distinction, and to experience emotions in response
What does doing the right thing lead to? - answers - pride
What does doing the wrong thing lead to? - answers - guilt or shame
What are the three components of morality? - answers - cognitive, emotional, and
behavioral
What is the cognitive component of morality? - answers - how we think about right and
wrong and make decisions about how to behave
What is the emotional component of morality? - answers - feelings regarding right or
wrong actions (motivate moral thoughts and behavior ; emerge as consequences of
thoughts and behavior)
What is the behavioral component of morality? - answers - prosocial and antisocial
behavior
How does moral reasoning develop? - answers - cognitive maturation and social
interactions
What kind of social interactions lead to the development of moral reasoning? - answers
- parents, peers, and school
What do social interactions do for the development of moral reasoning? - answers -
mutual perspective taking, considering other possible points of view and issue-focused
discussions (why do you think they did that? Was there something else they could have
done? How do you think other people interpret those actions?)
,What is the heinz dilemma? - answers - wrote scenarios of moral dilemmas and would
present them to children of different ages (mostly early-middle adolescents) and asked
how they would reason with this dilemma
Who designed the heinz dilemma? - answers - lawrence kohlberg
What are kohlberg's levels of moral thought? - answers - preconventional, conventional,
and postconventional
What is the preconventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on getting
rewards and avoiding punishments
Stage one: "whatever leads to punishment is wrong"
Stage two: "whatever leads to reward is right"
What is the conventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on social rules
Stage three: "golden rule" thinking, "good girl/boy" (treat others how you want to be
treated)
Stage four: "law and order" (don't do this because it's against the law)
What is the postconventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on moral
principles
Stage five: "laws should sometimes be broken if human rights are being violated"
Stage six: "current social conventions could be wrong for the greater good and future
generations"
When is the preconventional level of moral thought? - answers - infancy and
toddlerhood - preschool
When is the conventional level of moral thought? - answers - school-age + early
adolescence
When is the postconventional level of moral thought? - answers - late adolescence +
adulthood
What are the criticisms of kohlberg? - answers - - underestimates children's moral
sophistication
- discounted the role of culture (collectivists emphasize social responsibilities and
individualists emphasize individual rights/justice)
- kohlberg ignored gender (the participants in the original research were all boys)
What are the gender differences beyond kohlberg? - answers - - men/boys more likely
to emphasize law and order reasoning
- women/girls more likely to emphasize relationship maintenance reasoning
, What terms did carol gilligan coin? - answers - care orientation and justice orientation
What is care orientation? - answers - characterized by empathy, desire to maintain
relationships, responsibility to not cause harm
What is justice orientation? - answers - based on principles of fairness and individualism
What does research show about gender differences? - answers - research shows only
slight gender differences, mature moral reasoning incorporates both justice and care
What did carol gilligan argue more emphasis for? - answers - more emphasis on
emotion, caring aspects of moral decisions
What is the porcupine and moles example? - answers - a decision that children have to
make about who has to leave the house: the porcupine or the moles
What will children with justice orientation say about the porcupine and moles example? -
answers - "the porcupine has to go definitely, it's the mole's house"
"it's their ownership and nobody else has a right to it"
What will children with caring orientation say about the porcupine and moles example? -
answers - "wrap the porcupine in a towel so he can stay but he won't hurt the mole"
"both of them should try to get together to make the hole bigger"
"there'd be times when the moles could leave or the porcupine would stand still or they'd
take turns doing stuff -- eating and not moving"
Which orientation is more important to carol gilligan? - answers - argued that both
perspectives are important
What is the dual-process model of morality? - answers - includes both deliberate
(cognitive) and intuitive (emotional) thought
(we sometimes make judgments based on quick, emotion-based intuitions, and other
times we make judgments using more deliberative rational processes)
What is the switch trolley problem? - answers - there is one person on one track, and
five on the other, with the trolley heading towards the five. Would you throw the switch
to move towards the one person?
Some say "save as many of you can" and "the good of the many outweighs the good of
the few"
What is the utilitarian perspective? - answers - we need to use logic and minimize the
harm done
ANSWERS
What is a major developmental task during adolescence? - answers - establishing
autonomy
What is cognitive autonomy? - answers - - internalized sense of right and wrong
- personal value system
- moral decision-making
What is morality? - answers - the ability to distinguish right from wrong, to act on this
distinction, and to experience emotions in response
What does doing the right thing lead to? - answers - pride
What does doing the wrong thing lead to? - answers - guilt or shame
What are the three components of morality? - answers - cognitive, emotional, and
behavioral
What is the cognitive component of morality? - answers - how we think about right and
wrong and make decisions about how to behave
What is the emotional component of morality? - answers - feelings regarding right or
wrong actions (motivate moral thoughts and behavior ; emerge as consequences of
thoughts and behavior)
What is the behavioral component of morality? - answers - prosocial and antisocial
behavior
How does moral reasoning develop? - answers - cognitive maturation and social
interactions
What kind of social interactions lead to the development of moral reasoning? - answers
- parents, peers, and school
What do social interactions do for the development of moral reasoning? - answers -
mutual perspective taking, considering other possible points of view and issue-focused
discussions (why do you think they did that? Was there something else they could have
done? How do you think other people interpret those actions?)
,What is the heinz dilemma? - answers - wrote scenarios of moral dilemmas and would
present them to children of different ages (mostly early-middle adolescents) and asked
how they would reason with this dilemma
Who designed the heinz dilemma? - answers - lawrence kohlberg
What are kohlberg's levels of moral thought? - answers - preconventional, conventional,
and postconventional
What is the preconventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on getting
rewards and avoiding punishments
Stage one: "whatever leads to punishment is wrong"
Stage two: "whatever leads to reward is right"
What is the conventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on social rules
Stage three: "golden rule" thinking, "good girl/boy" (treat others how you want to be
treated)
Stage four: "law and order" (don't do this because it's against the law)
What is the postconventional level of moral thought? - answers - emphasis on moral
principles
Stage five: "laws should sometimes be broken if human rights are being violated"
Stage six: "current social conventions could be wrong for the greater good and future
generations"
When is the preconventional level of moral thought? - answers - infancy and
toddlerhood - preschool
When is the conventional level of moral thought? - answers - school-age + early
adolescence
When is the postconventional level of moral thought? - answers - late adolescence +
adulthood
What are the criticisms of kohlberg? - answers - - underestimates children's moral
sophistication
- discounted the role of culture (collectivists emphasize social responsibilities and
individualists emphasize individual rights/justice)
- kohlberg ignored gender (the participants in the original research were all boys)
What are the gender differences beyond kohlberg? - answers - - men/boys more likely
to emphasize law and order reasoning
- women/girls more likely to emphasize relationship maintenance reasoning
, What terms did carol gilligan coin? - answers - care orientation and justice orientation
What is care orientation? - answers - characterized by empathy, desire to maintain
relationships, responsibility to not cause harm
What is justice orientation? - answers - based on principles of fairness and individualism
What does research show about gender differences? - answers - research shows only
slight gender differences, mature moral reasoning incorporates both justice and care
What did carol gilligan argue more emphasis for? - answers - more emphasis on
emotion, caring aspects of moral decisions
What is the porcupine and moles example? - answers - a decision that children have to
make about who has to leave the house: the porcupine or the moles
What will children with justice orientation say about the porcupine and moles example? -
answers - "the porcupine has to go definitely, it's the mole's house"
"it's their ownership and nobody else has a right to it"
What will children with caring orientation say about the porcupine and moles example? -
answers - "wrap the porcupine in a towel so he can stay but he won't hurt the mole"
"both of them should try to get together to make the hole bigger"
"there'd be times when the moles could leave or the porcupine would stand still or they'd
take turns doing stuff -- eating and not moving"
Which orientation is more important to carol gilligan? - answers - argued that both
perspectives are important
What is the dual-process model of morality? - answers - includes both deliberate
(cognitive) and intuitive (emotional) thought
(we sometimes make judgments based on quick, emotion-based intuitions, and other
times we make judgments using more deliberative rational processes)
What is the switch trolley problem? - answers - there is one person on one track, and
five on the other, with the trolley heading towards the five. Would you throw the switch
to move towards the one person?
Some say "save as many of you can" and "the good of the many outweighs the good of
the few"
What is the utilitarian perspective? - answers - we need to use logic and minimize the
harm done
