PSY 101 Graded Exam 4 – Foundations of Psychology – Actual Questions & Answers
Psychopathology ✔️the scientific study of mental psychological disorders
abnormal psychology ✔️the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of
functioning
Mental Disorder ✔️clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that reflects dysfunction in mental
functioning.
Maladaptive behavioral patterns ✔️inability to function in daily life
Cultural Relativism ✔️understanding that any individual's behavior or psychological symptom must be evaluated in the context of their own
culture
A diagnosis requires 4 Ds ✔️Distress
Disfunction
Deviance
Danger
Comorbidity ✔️2+ mental disorders at the same time
Ex: anxiety is highly comorbid with depression
Dual diagnosis ✔️When a person with a mental disorder is also diagnosed with substance abuse
Prevalence ✔️proportion of people in a population that have been diagnosed with a mental disorder
Gender based socialization ✔️women- depression & anxiety but more likely to seek treatment
men- substance abuse & antisocial but will self-medicate
process by which individuals develop, refine and learn to 'do' gender through internalizing gender norms and roles as they interact with key
agents of socialization, such as their family, social networks and other social institutions
Koro ✔️Mental disorder primarily found in south and eastern Asian countries
Irrational fear of their genitalia retracting into their bodies and killing them
Tajin Kyofusho (TKS) ✔️Japanese
Social anxiety disorder
So concerned of performing inappropriate behaviors in public that will bring embarrassment on themselves and others
Demonic Model Perspective ✔️if you have a mental disorder, you are possessed by demons
Predisposing cause ✔️Factors existing that increase susceptibility to of developing a mental disorder
May be genetically predisposed: biological in nature
Genetics, birth defects, environmentally damaging effects, viruses
May not be biological, ex: how your parents behaved when you were a child could influence the susceptibility
,Precipitating cause ✔️Focus on events/experiences in daily life that may initiate the onset of a particular disorder
Perpetuating causes ✔️Focus on the consequences of a disorder that helps maintain the psychological symptoms
Psychodynamic approach ✔️investigates unconscious conflicts and other underlying psychological factors
Behavioral approach ✔️focuses on peoples current behavior and the learned responses that sustain the behavior. Objective
Cognitive approach ✔️focuses on how thoughts and beliefs contribute to the development of psychological disorders
Try to rearrange maladaptive thoughts in therapy
Sociocultural approach ✔️recognizes the importance of taking into account each persons specific cultural and social system
biopsychosocial approach ✔️an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) ✔️American psychiatric associations guide for diagnosing mental disorders
Clinicians give a psychological diagnosis or assign a label to a person's symptoms by identifying behavioral patterns
The rest of the world uses the ICD-10, international classification of disorders
DSM-5 uses both categorical and dimensional information
Categorical: do you have it, or do you not
Dimensional: mental disorders are on a spectrum
prognosis ✔️How the disorder runs its course
Prediction about the typical course of disease and the likelihood of recovery
Cultural formulation interview ✔️questions to ask an individual about the influence of their culture on their behavior
Pros and cons of diagnosis ✔️Pros
-Allows us to communicate
-Helps to write shorthand
-Allows to understand the cause of the disorders
Cons
-Labels do little to describe the struggles one faces
-Does little to specify treatments for individuals
-Others can develop a negative schema of diagnosed people
-A label doesn't tailor individual treatment
Rosenhan Study ✔️Pseudo-patients could not be distinguished from regular patients. Behaviors were viewed as abnormal because of contextual
bias.
Public Stigma associated with mental disorders ✔️Negative attitudes/beliefs toward ppl w mental disorders
, Ppl tend to believe those w mental disorders are dangerous (untrue)
Best way to reduce stigma is increased contact
Anxiety disorders ✔️Characterized by prolonged, uncontrollably and sometimes vague feelings of worry/anxiety
Fear: Emotional response also associated with a physiological reaction to an actual threat
Anxiety: Emotion which may or may not have a physiological reaction to a less clearly defined threat
Specific phobia (anxiety) ✔️You know what causes the anxiety
Most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorder
-Blood injection injury: passing out to blood/injury
-Animal type: Fearing animals
-Natural type: fearing rain
-Situation type: ex, being in an elevator
-Other: weird things
Social Anxiety Disorder (anxiety) ✔️Marked and persistent fear of being scrutinized by others
-Afraid of being judged negatively
-eating/talking in front of people
-Fear small talk
-Avoid social functions/class/work
-Scared other people will notice how nervous they are
-Avoidant learning style
-Symptoms must be present for 6 months for diagnosis
-Equally diagnosed in men and women
Panic Attacks (anxiety) ✔️Sudden onset of intense fear accompanied with physiological symptoms
-Symptoms resemble heart attack
-Tightening of chest, shortness of breath, sudden
-Can happen as a result of fear or completely random
-Peak at 10 minutes, gradual cooldown
Panic disorder (anxiety) ✔️Reoccurring panic attacks out of the blue
Psychopathology ✔️the scientific study of mental psychological disorders
abnormal psychology ✔️the scientific study of abnormal behavior in an effort to describe, predict, explain, and change abnormal patterns of
functioning
Mental Disorder ✔️clinically significant disturbance in a person's thoughts, emotions, or behaviors that reflects dysfunction in mental
functioning.
Maladaptive behavioral patterns ✔️inability to function in daily life
Cultural Relativism ✔️understanding that any individual's behavior or psychological symptom must be evaluated in the context of their own
culture
A diagnosis requires 4 Ds ✔️Distress
Disfunction
Deviance
Danger
Comorbidity ✔️2+ mental disorders at the same time
Ex: anxiety is highly comorbid with depression
Dual diagnosis ✔️When a person with a mental disorder is also diagnosed with substance abuse
Prevalence ✔️proportion of people in a population that have been diagnosed with a mental disorder
Gender based socialization ✔️women- depression & anxiety but more likely to seek treatment
men- substance abuse & antisocial but will self-medicate
process by which individuals develop, refine and learn to 'do' gender through internalizing gender norms and roles as they interact with key
agents of socialization, such as their family, social networks and other social institutions
Koro ✔️Mental disorder primarily found in south and eastern Asian countries
Irrational fear of their genitalia retracting into their bodies and killing them
Tajin Kyofusho (TKS) ✔️Japanese
Social anxiety disorder
So concerned of performing inappropriate behaviors in public that will bring embarrassment on themselves and others
Demonic Model Perspective ✔️if you have a mental disorder, you are possessed by demons
Predisposing cause ✔️Factors existing that increase susceptibility to of developing a mental disorder
May be genetically predisposed: biological in nature
Genetics, birth defects, environmentally damaging effects, viruses
May not be biological, ex: how your parents behaved when you were a child could influence the susceptibility
,Precipitating cause ✔️Focus on events/experiences in daily life that may initiate the onset of a particular disorder
Perpetuating causes ✔️Focus on the consequences of a disorder that helps maintain the psychological symptoms
Psychodynamic approach ✔️investigates unconscious conflicts and other underlying psychological factors
Behavioral approach ✔️focuses on peoples current behavior and the learned responses that sustain the behavior. Objective
Cognitive approach ✔️focuses on how thoughts and beliefs contribute to the development of psychological disorders
Try to rearrange maladaptive thoughts in therapy
Sociocultural approach ✔️recognizes the importance of taking into account each persons specific cultural and social system
biopsychosocial approach ✔️an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) ✔️American psychiatric associations guide for diagnosing mental disorders
Clinicians give a psychological diagnosis or assign a label to a person's symptoms by identifying behavioral patterns
The rest of the world uses the ICD-10, international classification of disorders
DSM-5 uses both categorical and dimensional information
Categorical: do you have it, or do you not
Dimensional: mental disorders are on a spectrum
prognosis ✔️How the disorder runs its course
Prediction about the typical course of disease and the likelihood of recovery
Cultural formulation interview ✔️questions to ask an individual about the influence of their culture on their behavior
Pros and cons of diagnosis ✔️Pros
-Allows us to communicate
-Helps to write shorthand
-Allows to understand the cause of the disorders
Cons
-Labels do little to describe the struggles one faces
-Does little to specify treatments for individuals
-Others can develop a negative schema of diagnosed people
-A label doesn't tailor individual treatment
Rosenhan Study ✔️Pseudo-patients could not be distinguished from regular patients. Behaviors were viewed as abnormal because of contextual
bias.
Public Stigma associated with mental disorders ✔️Negative attitudes/beliefs toward ppl w mental disorders
, Ppl tend to believe those w mental disorders are dangerous (untrue)
Best way to reduce stigma is increased contact
Anxiety disorders ✔️Characterized by prolonged, uncontrollably and sometimes vague feelings of worry/anxiety
Fear: Emotional response also associated with a physiological reaction to an actual threat
Anxiety: Emotion which may or may not have a physiological reaction to a less clearly defined threat
Specific phobia (anxiety) ✔️You know what causes the anxiety
Most commonly diagnosed anxiety disorder
-Blood injection injury: passing out to blood/injury
-Animal type: Fearing animals
-Natural type: fearing rain
-Situation type: ex, being in an elevator
-Other: weird things
Social Anxiety Disorder (anxiety) ✔️Marked and persistent fear of being scrutinized by others
-Afraid of being judged negatively
-eating/talking in front of people
-Fear small talk
-Avoid social functions/class/work
-Scared other people will notice how nervous they are
-Avoidant learning style
-Symptoms must be present for 6 months for diagnosis
-Equally diagnosed in men and women
Panic Attacks (anxiety) ✔️Sudden onset of intense fear accompanied with physiological symptoms
-Symptoms resemble heart attack
-Tightening of chest, shortness of breath, sudden
-Can happen as a result of fear or completely random
-Peak at 10 minutes, gradual cooldown
Panic disorder (anxiety) ✔️Reoccurring panic attacks out of the blue
