NTR 454/554 EXAM 2 VERIFIED ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS - MOST RECENT EDITION 2026/2027

Lactation, Milk, and Nutrition



NTR 454/554 EXAM 2 VERIFIED ANSWERS AND QUESTIONS -
MOST RECENT EDITION 2026/2027




1. What is the functional secretory unit of the mammary gland?
A. The teat cistern
B. The gland cistern
C. The Cooper's ligament
D. The alveolus
Correct Answer: D
2. Which cells line the alveolus and are responsible for milk synthesis?
A. Adipocytes
B. Fibroblasts
C. Myoepithelial cells
D. Mammary epithelial (secretory) cells
Correct Answer: D
3. Which cells contract to eject milk from the alveoli into the duct system?
A. Secretory epithelial cells
B. Basal keratinocytes
C. Chondrocytes
D. Myoepithelial cells
Correct Answer: D
4. The developmental stage of mammary tissue growth prior to first
pregnancy is called:
A. Lactogenesis
B. Involution
C. Mammogenesis
D. Galactopoiesis
Correct Answer: C

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, Lactation, Milk, and Nutrition



5. Ductal branching during puberty is primarily driven by which hormone?
A. Oxytocin
B. Estrogen
C. Relaxin
D. Prolactin
Correct Answer: B
6. Lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy is primarily driven by:
A. Calcitonin
B. Testosterone
C. Thyroxine
D. Progesterone and prolactin
Correct Answer: D
7. The connective tissue bands that support the mammary gland structurally
are called:
A. Cooper's ligaments
B. Alveolar septa
C. Cisternal folds
D. Myoepithelial sheaths
Correct Answer: A
8. Which structure stores milk between milkings in the udder?
A. Alveolar lumen only
B. Areolar glands
C. Lymph nodes
D. Gland and teat cisterns
Correct Answer: D
9. The tight junctions between mammary secretory cells become impermeable
to allow milk secretion at which stage?
A. Mammogenesis
B. Lactogenesis II (around parturition)
C. Involution
D. Puberty
Correct Answer: B
10. Mammary gland regression after weaning is termed:


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, Lactation, Milk, and Nutrition



A. Galactopoiesis
B. Mammogenesis
C. Colostrogenesis
D. Involution
Correct Answer: D
11. Which cell type surrounds the alveolus in a basket-like network?
A. Myoepithelial cells
B. Adipocytes
C. Sertoli cells
D. Goblet cells
Correct Answer: A
12. The primary duct that carries milk from the gland cistern to the exterior is
the:
A. Ductus deferens
B. Fallopian tube
C. Lactiferous sinus alone
D. Teat canal
Correct Answer: D
13. During pregnancy, full lobuloalveolar differentiation is completed under
the combined influence of:
A. Growth hormone alone
B. Oxytocin alone
C. Estrogen, progesterone, prolactin, and placental lactogen
D. Cortisol alone
Correct Answer: C
14. Apocrine, merocrine, and holocrine describe types of:
A. Hormone receptors
B. Cisternal compartments
C. Glandular secretion mechanisms
D. Milk proteins
Correct Answer: C
15. Mammary milk fat globules are released from the secretory cell primarily
via which secretion mechanism?


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, Lactation, Milk, and Nutrition



A. Merocrine secretion only
B. Apocrine secretion
C. Holocrine secretion
D. Endocrine secretion
Correct Answer: B
16. Milk proteins such as casein are secreted from the mammary cell
primarily via:
A. Holocrine secretion
B. Paracrine secretion
C. Apocrine secretion
D. Merocrine (exocytosis) secretion
Correct Answer: D
17. The Furstenberg's rosette is a structure found in the:
A. Areola
B. Alveolar lumen
C. Teat canal/streak canal
D. Lactiferous duct of the gland cistern
Correct Answer: C
18. Which of the following best describes 'parenchyma' in the mammary
gland?
A. The nerve supply
B. The fatty stromal tissue
C. The skin covering the udder
D. The functional secretory tissue
Correct Answer: D
19. Sloughing and shedding of mammary epithelial cells is most extensive
during:
A. Involution
B. Lactogenesis I
C. Colostrogenesis
D. Puberty
Correct Answer: A




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