NURSl 5315/l NURS5315l Examl 4l (NEWl
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
angiopathicl ischemial &l oxidativel stressl cause
Answer:
-l peripherall neuropathyl
-l autonomicl neuropathy:l damagel tol nervesl ofl autonomicl system
l -l gastroparesis-l slowingl ofl gutl thatl causesl altl nutrition,l absorption,l &l constipation
l -l bladderl controll prob
l -l silentl MI
-l decreasedl phagocyticl actionl leavingl personl atl higherl riskl forl infection
QUESTION
Glucocorticoids
Answer:
-l secretedl byl adrenall cortex
-l threel types:l cortisol,l corticosterone,l &l cortisone
-promotel normall metab
-promotel gluconeogenesisl inl liver
-inhibitl cellularl uptakel inl glucose
-inhibitl ADHl secretion
-inhibitl bonel form
-enhancel effectl ofl catecholamines
-enhancel vasoconstriction
-increasel glucosel byl decreasingl cellularl uptake
-stiml proteinl catabolisml &l inhibitl proteinl synthesis
-decreasel helperl Tl celll lymphocytel numbers
decreasel inflammationl byl blockingl phospholipasel &l increasingl anti-inflammatoryl
mediators
,-slowl wdl healingl &l depressl immunel resp
-promotel viscerall obesity
-decreasel GHl &l TSHl secretion
-stiml gastricl acidl secertion
-al metabolitel ofl cortisoll actsl likel al barbituatel &l depressesl nervel celll fxnl ofl brain
QUESTION
Mineralocorticoids
Answer:
-l aldosteronel
-l hormonel ofl Nal regulation
-l exertsl actionl onl renall tubulel cellsl &l increasesl renall reabsorptionl ofl Nal &l decreasesl
renall reabsorptionl ofl K
-l controlledl byl RAAS
-l angiotensinl IIl causesl rell ofl aldosterone
-l acel inhibitorsl inhibitl RAASl whichl l/dl decreasel inl aldosteronel secretionl &l Kl
accumulationl b/cl ofl increasedl renall reabsorptionl ofl K
QUESTION
adrenall medulla
Answer:
-l secretesl catecholaminesl epinephrine,l norepi,l &l dopamine
-l innervatedl byl bothl sympatheticl &l parasympatheticl nervousl systems
-l bothl catecholaminesl increasel BPl byl increasingl HRl &l causingl bll vesselsl tol constrict,l
increasel resp,l glucosel levels,l &l cellularl metab
QUESTION
Cushing'sl syndrome
Answer:
-l chronicl overl secretionl ofl cortisol
-l mostl commonl inl elderlyl &l women
,-l causesl include:l exogenousl steroidl use,l overl secretionl ofl ACTHl secondaryl tol pitl
tumor,l ectopicallyl prodl ACTHl froml al non-pituitaryl cal orl adrenall ademona
-l increasedl cortisoll causes:
=l increasedl glycogenolysisl &l gluconeogenesis:l hyperglycemia,l insulinl resistancel &l typel
IIl DM
=l abnomall lipolysisl &l redistl ofl fatl tol otherl areasl ofl bdyl &l elevatedl bll lipidl prod:l
trucall obesity,l moonl face,l forml ofl buffalol hump
=elevatedl LDLsl &l increasedl riskl forl atherosclerosis
=l abnorml catabolizedl protienl causesl musclel wknessl &l wasting
=l growthl retardationl inl children
=l breakdownl ofl bonel l/dl highl urinel Cal &l increasedl riskl forl renall stones,l osteo,l &l
pathologicall fxs
=l weakenedl collagenl fibersl l/dl skinl fragility,l bruisingl &l skinl tears,l purplel striael overl
areasl ofl increasedl fatl deposits
=l increasedl antiimmunel &l anticlottingl effectsl secondaryl tol inhibitionl ofl arachidonicl
acidl pathway:l bleedl easierl &l havel higherl riskl forl infection
=l decreasedl protectionl ofl gastricl protectivel prostaglandinsl d/tl inhibitionl ofl coxl 1l
prostaglandins:l l/dl pepticl ulcers
=l increasedl peripherall vasoconstrictionl &l HTNl secondaryl tol increasedl sensitivityl tol
catecholamines
=l increasedl ACTHl stiml adrenall cortexl tol alsol hyperl sectretel androgensl whichl /dl
increasedl hairl growthl &l acne
QUESTION
Addison'sl disease
Answer:
-l dsl ofl adrenall cortexl whichl r/sl inl decreasedl cortisoll &l aldosteronel secretion
-l occursl b/wl 30-60l
-l morel commonl inl women
-l d/tl autoimmunel rxnl whicl targetsl adrenall cortexl &l causesl adrenall atrophyl &l hypofxn
-l mayl bel causedl byl TB,l metsl tumors,l infections,l HIV,l fungall infections,l amyloidosis,l
cessationl ofl steroidl therapy
-l CMl appearl afterl 90%l ofl glandl isdestroyed
-l CM:l hypoglycemia,l weakness,l fatigue,l apathy,l mentall confusion,anorexia,l N/V/D,l abl
pain,l &l addisonsl triad:l hyperK,l hypoNa,l hypotension
-l mineralocorticoidl def:l hypovol,l posturall hypotension,l dizziness,l dehydration,l hyperK,l &l
saltl craving
, QUESTION
kidneyl fxn
Answer:
-l excretionl ofl metabolicl wastel products
-l maintenancel ofl H2Ol bal
-l regl ofl acid/basel bal
-l BPl reg
-l secretionl ofl erythropoietinl whichl stiml growthl ofl RBCs
-l activatesl vitl D:l whichl assistsl w/l absorptionl ofl Cal inl intestines:l vitl Dl receivedl froml
food,l absorbedl inl skinl whichl isl thenl turnedl intol al precursorl ofl vitl Dl byl UVl lightl &l
isl transportedl tol kidneyl wherel itl isl convertedl tol activel forml ofl vitl D,l calcitriol.l
Calcitrioll isl resposiblel forl assistingl w/l absorptionl ofl Cal inl intestines,l promotingl rell ofl
Cal froml bone,l andl decreasingl renall Cal excretion
-l glucosel reg:l kidneysl helpl tol maintainl glucosel ball byl completingl gluconeogenesisl froml
aminol acidsl byl takingl upl glucosel froml circulationl &l reabsorbingl glucosel froml
glomerularl filtrate.l kidneysl absorbl glucosel inl proximall tubulel byl sodiuml glucosel
cotransporterl 2l proteinl whichl helpsl tol ensurel adequatel glucosel isl availablel duringl
fastingl whenl theyl becomel saturated,l glucosel spillsl overl intol thel urine
QUESTION
nephronl structure
Answer:
-l twol typesl ofl nephrons:l corticall nephronl &l juxtamedullaryl nephron
-l threel mainl parts:
=l glomerulus:l collectionl ofl capillariesl whichl receivesl bll froml renall arteryl &l isl respl forl
filteringl bl
=l bowmansl capsule:l partiallyl encasesl glomerulusl &l extendsl tol forml tubulel system
=l tubulel system
QUESTION
proximall tubule
2026l Update)l Advancedl Pathophysiologyl
Guidel |l Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l UTA
QUESTION
angiopathicl ischemial &l oxidativel stressl cause
Answer:
-l peripherall neuropathyl
-l autonomicl neuropathy:l damagel tol nervesl ofl autonomicl system
l -l gastroparesis-l slowingl ofl gutl thatl causesl altl nutrition,l absorption,l &l constipation
l -l bladderl controll prob
l -l silentl MI
-l decreasedl phagocyticl actionl leavingl personl atl higherl riskl forl infection
QUESTION
Glucocorticoids
Answer:
-l secretedl byl adrenall cortex
-l threel types:l cortisol,l corticosterone,l &l cortisone
-promotel normall metab
-promotel gluconeogenesisl inl liver
-inhibitl cellularl uptakel inl glucose
-inhibitl ADHl secretion
-inhibitl bonel form
-enhancel effectl ofl catecholamines
-enhancel vasoconstriction
-increasel glucosel byl decreasingl cellularl uptake
-stiml proteinl catabolisml &l inhibitl proteinl synthesis
-decreasel helperl Tl celll lymphocytel numbers
decreasel inflammationl byl blockingl phospholipasel &l increasingl anti-inflammatoryl
mediators
,-slowl wdl healingl &l depressl immunel resp
-promotel viscerall obesity
-decreasel GHl &l TSHl secretion
-stiml gastricl acidl secertion
-al metabolitel ofl cortisoll actsl likel al barbituatel &l depressesl nervel celll fxnl ofl brain
QUESTION
Mineralocorticoids
Answer:
-l aldosteronel
-l hormonel ofl Nal regulation
-l exertsl actionl onl renall tubulel cellsl &l increasesl renall reabsorptionl ofl Nal &l decreasesl
renall reabsorptionl ofl K
-l controlledl byl RAAS
-l angiotensinl IIl causesl rell ofl aldosterone
-l acel inhibitorsl inhibitl RAASl whichl l/dl decreasel inl aldosteronel secretionl &l Kl
accumulationl b/cl ofl increasedl renall reabsorptionl ofl K
QUESTION
adrenall medulla
Answer:
-l secretesl catecholaminesl epinephrine,l norepi,l &l dopamine
-l innervatedl byl bothl sympatheticl &l parasympatheticl nervousl systems
-l bothl catecholaminesl increasel BPl byl increasingl HRl &l causingl bll vesselsl tol constrict,l
increasel resp,l glucosel levels,l &l cellularl metab
QUESTION
Cushing'sl syndrome
Answer:
-l chronicl overl secretionl ofl cortisol
-l mostl commonl inl elderlyl &l women
,-l causesl include:l exogenousl steroidl use,l overl secretionl ofl ACTHl secondaryl tol pitl
tumor,l ectopicallyl prodl ACTHl froml al non-pituitaryl cal orl adrenall ademona
-l increasedl cortisoll causes:
=l increasedl glycogenolysisl &l gluconeogenesis:l hyperglycemia,l insulinl resistancel &l typel
IIl DM
=l abnomall lipolysisl &l redistl ofl fatl tol otherl areasl ofl bdyl &l elevatedl bll lipidl prod:l
trucall obesity,l moonl face,l forml ofl buffalol hump
=elevatedl LDLsl &l increasedl riskl forl atherosclerosis
=l abnorml catabolizedl protienl causesl musclel wknessl &l wasting
=l growthl retardationl inl children
=l breakdownl ofl bonel l/dl highl urinel Cal &l increasedl riskl forl renall stones,l osteo,l &l
pathologicall fxs
=l weakenedl collagenl fibersl l/dl skinl fragility,l bruisingl &l skinl tears,l purplel striael overl
areasl ofl increasedl fatl deposits
=l increasedl antiimmunel &l anticlottingl effectsl secondaryl tol inhibitionl ofl arachidonicl
acidl pathway:l bleedl easierl &l havel higherl riskl forl infection
=l decreasedl protectionl ofl gastricl protectivel prostaglandinsl d/tl inhibitionl ofl coxl 1l
prostaglandins:l l/dl pepticl ulcers
=l increasedl peripherall vasoconstrictionl &l HTNl secondaryl tol increasedl sensitivityl tol
catecholamines
=l increasedl ACTHl stiml adrenall cortexl tol alsol hyperl sectretel androgensl whichl /dl
increasedl hairl growthl &l acne
QUESTION
Addison'sl disease
Answer:
-l dsl ofl adrenall cortexl whichl r/sl inl decreasedl cortisoll &l aldosteronel secretion
-l occursl b/wl 30-60l
-l morel commonl inl women
-l d/tl autoimmunel rxnl whicl targetsl adrenall cortexl &l causesl adrenall atrophyl &l hypofxn
-l mayl bel causedl byl TB,l metsl tumors,l infections,l HIV,l fungall infections,l amyloidosis,l
cessationl ofl steroidl therapy
-l CMl appearl afterl 90%l ofl glandl isdestroyed
-l CM:l hypoglycemia,l weakness,l fatigue,l apathy,l mentall confusion,anorexia,l N/V/D,l abl
pain,l &l addisonsl triad:l hyperK,l hypoNa,l hypotension
-l mineralocorticoidl def:l hypovol,l posturall hypotension,l dizziness,l dehydration,l hyperK,l &l
saltl craving
, QUESTION
kidneyl fxn
Answer:
-l excretionl ofl metabolicl wastel products
-l maintenancel ofl H2Ol bal
-l regl ofl acid/basel bal
-l BPl reg
-l secretionl ofl erythropoietinl whichl stiml growthl ofl RBCs
-l activatesl vitl D:l whichl assistsl w/l absorptionl ofl Cal inl intestines:l vitl Dl receivedl froml
food,l absorbedl inl skinl whichl isl thenl turnedl intol al precursorl ofl vitl Dl byl UVl lightl &l
isl transportedl tol kidneyl wherel itl isl convertedl tol activel forml ofl vitl D,l calcitriol.l
Calcitrioll isl resposiblel forl assistingl w/l absorptionl ofl Cal inl intestines,l promotingl rell ofl
Cal froml bone,l andl decreasingl renall Cal excretion
-l glucosel reg:l kidneysl helpl tol maintainl glucosel ball byl completingl gluconeogenesisl froml
aminol acidsl byl takingl upl glucosel froml circulationl &l reabsorbingl glucosel froml
glomerularl filtrate.l kidneysl absorbl glucosel inl proximall tubulel byl sodiuml glucosel
cotransporterl 2l proteinl whichl helpsl tol ensurel adequatel glucosel isl availablel duringl
fastingl whenl theyl becomel saturated,l glucosel spillsl overl intol thel urine
QUESTION
nephronl structure
Answer:
-l twol typesl ofl nephrons:l corticall nephronl &l juxtamedullaryl nephron
-l threel mainl parts:
=l glomerulus:l collectionl ofl capillariesl whichl receivesl bll froml renall arteryl &l isl respl forl
filteringl bl
=l bowmansl capsule:l partiallyl encasesl glomerulusl &l extendsl tol forml tubulel system
=l tubulel system
QUESTION
proximall tubule
