N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CELLULAR BIOLOGY, INJURY MECHANISMS, AND ONCOLOGY (GENETICS & CANCER) WITH 200 PRACTICE QUESTIONS, CORRECT ANSWERS, AND DETAILED RATIONALES FOR EASTWICK COLLEGE

N212 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF CELLULAR BIOLOGY, INJURY MECHANISMS, AND ONCOLOGY (GENETICS & CANCER) WITH 200 PRACTICE QUESTIONS, CORRECT ANSWERS, AND DETAILED RATIONALES FOR EASTWICK COLLEGE Q1: A patient is diagnosed with a condition that leads to a significant decrease in the number of functioning ribosomes. What cellular process will be most directly impaired? A) ATP production B) Lipid synthesis C) Protein synthesis D) DNA replication Correct ANSWER: C) Protein synthesis Rationale: Ribosomes are the sites of protein synthesis, where mRNA is translated into polypeptide chains. A decrease in ribosomes would directly impair the cell's ability to produce proteins necessary for structure, function, and enzymes. ________________________________________ Q2: Which transport mechanism requires the direct use of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient? A) Facilitated diffusion B) Osmosis C) Active transport D) Simple diffusion Correct ANSWER: C) Active transport Rationale: Active transport uses energy (ATP) to pump molecules and ions across a membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, against the gradient. ________________________________________ Q3: The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which type of transport? A) Osmosis B) Facilitated diffusion C) Active transport D) Simple diffusion Correct ANSWER: C) Active transport Rationale: The sodium-potassium pump actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, both against their concentration gradients, using ATP. ________________________________________ Q4: A patient with a genetic defect has lysosomes that are non-functional. What would be the primary consequence of this defect? A) Inability to produce ATP B) Accumulation of waste and cellular debris C) Failure to synthesize proteins D) Impaired lipid synthesis Correct ANSWER: B) Accumulation of waste and cellular debris Rationale: Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes responsible for digesting cellular waste, damaged organelles, and pathogens. Their dysfunction leads to the build-up of these substances. ________________________________________ Q5: Which organelle is surrounded by a double membrane and contains its own DNA? A) Ribosome B) Lysosome C) Mitochondria D) Golgi Apparatus Correct ANSWER: C) Mitochondria Rationale: Mitochondria are unique organelles with a double membrane and their own circular DNA, which is evidence of their evolutionary origin as independent prokaryotes. ________________________________________ Q6: A pathologist notes that a cell has an enlarged, lobulated nucleus and prominent nucleoli. This is most characteristic of which process? A) Necrosis B) Apoptosis C) Cellular hypertrophy D) Cellular hyperplasia Correct ANSWER: C) Cellular hypertrophy Rationale: Enlarged nuclei and prominent nucleoli are signs of increased protein synthesis, which is a hallmark of cellular hypertrophy (an increase in cell size). ________________________________________ Q7: A patient is experiencing a severe allergic reaction. Which type of cellular injury is most directly caused by the release of histamine? A) Hypoxic injury B) Ischemic injury C) Inflammatory injury D) Direct chemical injury Correct ANSWER: C) Inflammatory injury Rationale: Histamine is a key mediator of inflammation, causing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. This inflammatory response can lead to cellular injury and tissue damage. ________________________________________ Q8: Which of the following is a characteristic of reversible cellular injury? A) Nuclear fragmentation (karyorrhexis) B) Swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum C) Dissolution of the nucleus (karyolysis) D) Rupture of the cell membrane Correct ANSWER: B) Swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum Rationale: In the early stages of injury, cells can undergo reversible changes like cellular swelling and dilation of the ER. These changes are not yet fatal and the cell can recover if the insult is removed. ________________________________________ Q9: A patient's cells are found to have fatty changes. This is most commonly associated with injury to which organ? A) Kidney B) Heart