Why does moderate exercise enhance immunity?
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- increased number and activity of natural killer cells
- target non-self cells
- increase in non-specific protection
How does adrenaline affect heart rate?
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, Increases HR
affects SAN, causing increased depolarisation frequency
Released from adrenal gland
strength and speed of contraction increase
fight or flight
Describe how breathing rate is altered during exercise
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increased CO2 levels
Blood pH drops
chemoreceptors detect this and send impulses down sensory neurone to
RC
RC stimulates inspiratory centre to send frequent impulses to respiratory
muscles, allowing an increased rate of ventilation
Side effects of anabolic testosterone:
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- increased aggression
- high BP and heart attacks more likely
- infertility
- liver damage
Describe Glycolosis (3 steps, where, products)
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, -in cytoplasm
1. phosphorylation of glucose to form fructose
bisphosphate
-energy investment of 2 ATP
2. lysis into 2 3C molecules, extra phosphates are added
3. oxidation of GALPs to form 2 pyruvate molecules, which
reduces 2NAD, and 2 ATP formed each
- net gain of 2 ATP
- 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH are also produced
Whee does each stage of respiration take place?
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1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Link and Krebs - matrix
3. Oxidative phosphrylation - inner mitochondrial membrane
Describe anaerobic respiration in animals
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Pyruvate becomes an alternative electron acceptor, and the oxidation of
NADH converts it to lactate. NAD can now be used again in glycolysis
Explain how 38 ATP are produced from aerobic respiration
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- increased number and activity of natural killer cells
- target non-self cells
- increase in non-specific protection
How does adrenaline affect heart rate?
Give this one a try later!
, Increases HR
affects SAN, causing increased depolarisation frequency
Released from adrenal gland
strength and speed of contraction increase
fight or flight
Describe how breathing rate is altered during exercise
Give this one a try later!
increased CO2 levels
Blood pH drops
chemoreceptors detect this and send impulses down sensory neurone to
RC
RC stimulates inspiratory centre to send frequent impulses to respiratory
muscles, allowing an increased rate of ventilation
Side effects of anabolic testosterone:
Give this one a try later!
- increased aggression
- high BP and heart attacks more likely
- infertility
- liver damage
Describe Glycolosis (3 steps, where, products)
Give this one a try later!
, -in cytoplasm
1. phosphorylation of glucose to form fructose
bisphosphate
-energy investment of 2 ATP
2. lysis into 2 3C molecules, extra phosphates are added
3. oxidation of GALPs to form 2 pyruvate molecules, which
reduces 2NAD, and 2 ATP formed each
- net gain of 2 ATP
- 2 pyruvate and 2 NADH are also produced
Whee does each stage of respiration take place?
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1. Glycolysis - cytoplasm
2. Link and Krebs - matrix
3. Oxidative phosphrylation - inner mitochondrial membrane
Describe anaerobic respiration in animals
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Pyruvate becomes an alternative electron acceptor, and the oxidation of
NADH converts it to lactate. NAD can now be used again in glycolysis
Explain how 38 ATP are produced from aerobic respiration
Give this one a try later!
