RNR 2102 FINAL EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Map-making tool - ✔✔GIS is NOT a ______
✔✔Database - ✔✔GIS is a information ____________
✔✔- Shape
- Size
- Pattern
- Association
- Color relief
- Shaded relief
- Tone
- Color
- Texture - ✔✔What are the 9 recognition elements for aerial photo interpretation?
✔✔Altitude - ✔✔Color relief and shaded relief tell us about what?
✔✔Global Positioning System - ✔✔What does GPS stand for?
✔✔30-33 - ✔✔How many satellites are there for GPS?
✔✔Speed of light - ✔✔The satellite transmissions travel at what speed?
✔✔False, x̄ is normal, not the sample - ✔✔True or False: If I sampled 100 fish and
measure their length, then I can do a test that the average is 20 cm because the sample
is approximately normal
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: It is easier to reject a two-tails test than a one-tailed test
for a given positive t value
✔✔Least squares - ✔✔What is the method for estimating coefficients of a regression
model?
✔✔Minimize the squared errors - ✔✔What does least squares mean?
✔✔4 satellites - ✔✔What is the minimum number of satellites needed for a 3-
dimensional model?
✔✔3 satellites - ✔✔What is the minimum number of satellites needed for a 2-
dimensional model?
✔✔Positional Dilution of Precision - ✔✔What does PDOP stand for?
, ✔✔Higher - ✔✔What is worse? Higher or lower PDOP?
✔✔Lower - ✔✔A _______ PDOP is better
✔✔Less than 4 - ✔✔For PDOP, a good reading of under 1 meter is what?
✔✔4-6 - ✔✔For PDOP, an adequate reading of open area in a forest is what?
✔✔Less than, equal to 8 - ✔✔For PDOP, a bad reading under forest canopy is what?
✔✔Increase PDOP value - ✔✔What do you do when you don't have a reading, but still
want a reading?
✔✔0 decimals - ✔✔When using a Suunto clinometer, how many decimals do you round
to?
✔✔1 decimal - ✔✔When using a D-tape, how many decimals do you round to?
✔✔L1 - ✔✔Consumer GPS (cheap) only gets what type of signal?
✔✔L1 and L2 - ✔✔More expensive GPS gets what signals?
✔✔Consumer GPS (cheap) - ✔✔What type of GPS only gets an L1 signal?
✔✔Survey grade and military GPS (expensive) - ✔✔What type of GPS gets both L1 and
L2 signals?
✔✔L5 - ✔✔Aviation GPS gets what type of signal?
✔✔Aviation - ✔✔What type of GPS gets an L5 signal?
✔✔- Satellite error
- Atmosphere
- Multipath error
- Receiver error
- Selective availability - ✔✔What are the 5 errors in GPS?
✔✔Multipath error - ✔✔Which GPS error CANNOT be corrected?
✔✔Ionosphere - ✔✔The layer "E" is referred to as what? (Hint: first layer surrounding
earth that interferes with a GPS signal)
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Map-making tool - ✔✔GIS is NOT a ______
✔✔Database - ✔✔GIS is a information ____________
✔✔- Shape
- Size
- Pattern
- Association
- Color relief
- Shaded relief
- Tone
- Color
- Texture - ✔✔What are the 9 recognition elements for aerial photo interpretation?
✔✔Altitude - ✔✔Color relief and shaded relief tell us about what?
✔✔Global Positioning System - ✔✔What does GPS stand for?
✔✔30-33 - ✔✔How many satellites are there for GPS?
✔✔Speed of light - ✔✔The satellite transmissions travel at what speed?
✔✔False, x̄ is normal, not the sample - ✔✔True or False: If I sampled 100 fish and
measure their length, then I can do a test that the average is 20 cm because the sample
is approximately normal
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: It is easier to reject a two-tails test than a one-tailed test
for a given positive t value
✔✔Least squares - ✔✔What is the method for estimating coefficients of a regression
model?
✔✔Minimize the squared errors - ✔✔What does least squares mean?
✔✔4 satellites - ✔✔What is the minimum number of satellites needed for a 3-
dimensional model?
✔✔3 satellites - ✔✔What is the minimum number of satellites needed for a 2-
dimensional model?
✔✔Positional Dilution of Precision - ✔✔What does PDOP stand for?
, ✔✔Higher - ✔✔What is worse? Higher or lower PDOP?
✔✔Lower - ✔✔A _______ PDOP is better
✔✔Less than 4 - ✔✔For PDOP, a good reading of under 1 meter is what?
✔✔4-6 - ✔✔For PDOP, an adequate reading of open area in a forest is what?
✔✔Less than, equal to 8 - ✔✔For PDOP, a bad reading under forest canopy is what?
✔✔Increase PDOP value - ✔✔What do you do when you don't have a reading, but still
want a reading?
✔✔0 decimals - ✔✔When using a Suunto clinometer, how many decimals do you round
to?
✔✔1 decimal - ✔✔When using a D-tape, how many decimals do you round to?
✔✔L1 - ✔✔Consumer GPS (cheap) only gets what type of signal?
✔✔L1 and L2 - ✔✔More expensive GPS gets what signals?
✔✔Consumer GPS (cheap) - ✔✔What type of GPS only gets an L1 signal?
✔✔Survey grade and military GPS (expensive) - ✔✔What type of GPS gets both L1 and
L2 signals?
✔✔L5 - ✔✔Aviation GPS gets what type of signal?
✔✔Aviation - ✔✔What type of GPS gets an L5 signal?
✔✔- Satellite error
- Atmosphere
- Multipath error
- Receiver error
- Selective availability - ✔✔What are the 5 errors in GPS?
✔✔Multipath error - ✔✔Which GPS error CANNOT be corrected?
✔✔Ionosphere - ✔✔The layer "E" is referred to as what? (Hint: first layer surrounding
earth that interferes with a GPS signal)
