RNR 2102 EXAMS SCRIPT 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Ionosphere - ✔✔The layer "E" is referred to as what? (Hint: first layer surrounding
earth that interferes with a GPS signal)
✔✔Causes a delay in transmission - ✔✔How does the ionosphere affect GPS
transmission?
✔✔Selective availability - ✔✔What does SA stand for?
✔✔- Post-processing
- DGPS - ✔✔What are the 2 methods for adjusting GPS readings?
✔✔Differential Global Positioning System - ✔✔What does DGPS stand for?
✔✔- Coast guard
- WAAS - ✔✔What are the 2 'real time' differential global positioning systems that we
discussed?
✔✔Wide Area Augmentation System - ✔✔What does WAAS stand for?
✔✔60' - ✔✔1º= ___ minutes
✔✔3600" - ✔✔1º= _____ seconds
✔✔34º 9' 4" S, 22º 7' 10" E - ✔✔Convert (34.1509923 S, 22.1194552 E) to degrees,
minutes, seconds
✔✔(-33.921400, 18.419436) - ✔✔Convert (33° 55' 17.04'' S, 18° 25' 9.9696'' E) to
decimal degrees
✔✔Selective availability - ✔✔Which GPS error was a result from the Department of
Defense putting random variation on the GPS points and the only way to override the
error was to get a code?
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Moisture reduces the accuracy of GPS
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: The best time to take a GPS reading is during or right after
a rainfall
✔✔Measurement offsets - ✔✔What is this term?
Measure distance and direction from a known location to an object of interest
, ✔✔- Point averaging
- Measurement offsets
- External antenna
- Signal reception
- Minimal rainfall - ✔✔What are the 5 methods for improving GPS readings?
✔✔Projecting the earth on to a flat surface is difficult - ✔✔Why are map projections
needed?
✔✔Geoid - ✔✔What is this term?
A mathematical model surface that best fits the global mean sea level
✔✔Geodetic datum - ✔✔What is this term?
A set of reference points on the earth's surface against which measurements are made
✔✔False; it ignores valleys and mountains - ✔✔True or False: A geoid is the best
representation of the Earth
✔✔North American Datum of 1927 - ✔✔What does NAD27 stand for?
✔✔North American Datum of 1983 - ✔✔What does NAD83 stand for?
✔✔World Geodetic System of 1984 - ✔✔What does WGS84 stand for?
✔✔NAD27: 25,000 locations, reference point was Meades Ranch, KS
NAD83: 270,000 locations, reference point was the center of the Earth
NAD83 is better - ✔✔What is the difference between NAD27 and NAD83? Which is
better?
✔✔25,000 - ✔✔NAD27 had __________ locations
✔✔270,000 - ✔✔NAD83 had ___________ locations
✔✔Meades Ranch, KS - ✔✔The reference point for NAD27 was what?
✔✔Center of the Earth - ✔✔The reference point for NAD83 was what?
✔✔Center of the Earth - ✔✔What is the reference point for WGS84?
✔✔NAD83 and WGS84 - ✔✔What are the 2 systems that use the center of the earth as
reference points?
✔✔Greenwich, England - ✔✔The prime meridian passes through _________________
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Ionosphere - ✔✔The layer "E" is referred to as what? (Hint: first layer surrounding
earth that interferes with a GPS signal)
✔✔Causes a delay in transmission - ✔✔How does the ionosphere affect GPS
transmission?
✔✔Selective availability - ✔✔What does SA stand for?
✔✔- Post-processing
- DGPS - ✔✔What are the 2 methods for adjusting GPS readings?
✔✔Differential Global Positioning System - ✔✔What does DGPS stand for?
✔✔- Coast guard
- WAAS - ✔✔What are the 2 'real time' differential global positioning systems that we
discussed?
✔✔Wide Area Augmentation System - ✔✔What does WAAS stand for?
✔✔60' - ✔✔1º= ___ minutes
✔✔3600" - ✔✔1º= _____ seconds
✔✔34º 9' 4" S, 22º 7' 10" E - ✔✔Convert (34.1509923 S, 22.1194552 E) to degrees,
minutes, seconds
✔✔(-33.921400, 18.419436) - ✔✔Convert (33° 55' 17.04'' S, 18° 25' 9.9696'' E) to
decimal degrees
✔✔Selective availability - ✔✔Which GPS error was a result from the Department of
Defense putting random variation on the GPS points and the only way to override the
error was to get a code?
✔✔True - ✔✔True or False: Moisture reduces the accuracy of GPS
✔✔False - ✔✔True or False: The best time to take a GPS reading is during or right after
a rainfall
✔✔Measurement offsets - ✔✔What is this term?
Measure distance and direction from a known location to an object of interest
, ✔✔- Point averaging
- Measurement offsets
- External antenna
- Signal reception
- Minimal rainfall - ✔✔What are the 5 methods for improving GPS readings?
✔✔Projecting the earth on to a flat surface is difficult - ✔✔Why are map projections
needed?
✔✔Geoid - ✔✔What is this term?
A mathematical model surface that best fits the global mean sea level
✔✔Geodetic datum - ✔✔What is this term?
A set of reference points on the earth's surface against which measurements are made
✔✔False; it ignores valleys and mountains - ✔✔True or False: A geoid is the best
representation of the Earth
✔✔North American Datum of 1927 - ✔✔What does NAD27 stand for?
✔✔North American Datum of 1983 - ✔✔What does NAD83 stand for?
✔✔World Geodetic System of 1984 - ✔✔What does WGS84 stand for?
✔✔NAD27: 25,000 locations, reference point was Meades Ranch, KS
NAD83: 270,000 locations, reference point was the center of the Earth
NAD83 is better - ✔✔What is the difference between NAD27 and NAD83? Which is
better?
✔✔25,000 - ✔✔NAD27 had __________ locations
✔✔270,000 - ✔✔NAD83 had ___________ locations
✔✔Meades Ranch, KS - ✔✔The reference point for NAD27 was what?
✔✔Center of the Earth - ✔✔The reference point for NAD83 was what?
✔✔Center of the Earth - ✔✔What is the reference point for WGS84?
✔✔NAD83 and WGS84 - ✔✔What are the 2 systems that use the center of the earth as
reference points?
✔✔Greenwich, England - ✔✔The prime meridian passes through _________________
