CMN 260 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Biomedical perspective - ✔✔Ill health is mainly physical (science based)
✔✔Biopsychosocial perspective - ✔✔Biology, psychology, and social network
Human emotion plays into "ill health"
Aligns with WHO definition
✔✔Sociocultural perspective - ✔✔Based on personal choice, social dynamics, and
culture
Health is a product of the environment
✔✔Social-ecological perspective - ✔✔Health is determined by:
Individual experiences
Relationships
Community resources
Societal norms
✔✔Ancient Egypt - ✔✔First known physicians
Imhotep = God of medicine
Religio - empirical: health is a relationship w/ spirits
✔✔Ancient Rome - ✔✔Galen - Humoral theory of illness
Opposed religious perspective
Introduced science --> direction/organs
✔✔Islamic Golden Age - ✔✔(700 - 1300 AD)
Translation of Greek/Roman medicine into a book with Hippocrates + Galen ideals
Clinical experimentation, creation of hospitals
Opposed Galen's ideals of humors
Valued ethics/hygeine
✔✔Middle Ages - ✔✔(500 - 1500 AD)
Plague deaths lead to faith driving treatment
Medicinal plants as healing remedies
✔✔Renaissance - ✔✔(15th and 16th centuries)
Discovery of circulatory system
Verification of illness through diagnostic tests
✔✔18th and 19th Century - ✔✔Germ theory - microscopic organisms cause disease
(Louis Pasteur)
First vaccine - smallpox
Medical schooling/professionalism rise
, ✔✔20th Century - ✔✔WWII brought about healthcare demand
"Modern medicine" through government integration in health care
Hill Burton Act
AMA lobbies against single-payer systems
✔✔Hill Burton Act - ✔✔Instigated after WWII: most community hospitals as a result of
this act, provided funds for community hospitals
✔✔1960s/Golden Age - ✔✔Creation of private health insurance
Foundation of Medicare/Medicaid
Hospitals became the center of the healthcare system
✔✔Medicare - ✔✔A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age
and older or disabled
✔✔Medicaid - ✔✔A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care
services for people who cannot afford them
✔✔1970s - ✔✔The US falls behind other nations due to questions in the healthcare
system on cost/affordability
✔✔1980s - ✔✔Creation of employer managed insurance
✔✔1990s - ✔✔HIPPA (1996)
Health is a lifestyle --> "medical" care to "health" care
✔✔HIPPA - ✔✔Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Enforced personal data to be kept private w/o consent or request from other parties
✔✔2000s to now - ✔✔Specialized providers
Medicine on free market
Health technology
Health disparities
Affordable Care Act (2010)
✔✔Affordable Care Act - ✔✔An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide
health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-
existing condition
Allows for patients to have a market of health insurers
✔✔Longevity - ✔✔Focus on length of life
Shift from acute to chronic treatment
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Biomedical perspective - ✔✔Ill health is mainly physical (science based)
✔✔Biopsychosocial perspective - ✔✔Biology, psychology, and social network
Human emotion plays into "ill health"
Aligns with WHO definition
✔✔Sociocultural perspective - ✔✔Based on personal choice, social dynamics, and
culture
Health is a product of the environment
✔✔Social-ecological perspective - ✔✔Health is determined by:
Individual experiences
Relationships
Community resources
Societal norms
✔✔Ancient Egypt - ✔✔First known physicians
Imhotep = God of medicine
Religio - empirical: health is a relationship w/ spirits
✔✔Ancient Rome - ✔✔Galen - Humoral theory of illness
Opposed religious perspective
Introduced science --> direction/organs
✔✔Islamic Golden Age - ✔✔(700 - 1300 AD)
Translation of Greek/Roman medicine into a book with Hippocrates + Galen ideals
Clinical experimentation, creation of hospitals
Opposed Galen's ideals of humors
Valued ethics/hygeine
✔✔Middle Ages - ✔✔(500 - 1500 AD)
Plague deaths lead to faith driving treatment
Medicinal plants as healing remedies
✔✔Renaissance - ✔✔(15th and 16th centuries)
Discovery of circulatory system
Verification of illness through diagnostic tests
✔✔18th and 19th Century - ✔✔Germ theory - microscopic organisms cause disease
(Louis Pasteur)
First vaccine - smallpox
Medical schooling/professionalism rise
, ✔✔20th Century - ✔✔WWII brought about healthcare demand
"Modern medicine" through government integration in health care
Hill Burton Act
AMA lobbies against single-payer systems
✔✔Hill Burton Act - ✔✔Instigated after WWII: most community hospitals as a result of
this act, provided funds for community hospitals
✔✔1960s/Golden Age - ✔✔Creation of private health insurance
Foundation of Medicare/Medicaid
Hospitals became the center of the healthcare system
✔✔Medicare - ✔✔A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age
and older or disabled
✔✔Medicaid - ✔✔A federal and state assistance program that pays for health care
services for people who cannot afford them
✔✔1970s - ✔✔The US falls behind other nations due to questions in the healthcare
system on cost/affordability
✔✔1980s - ✔✔Creation of employer managed insurance
✔✔1990s - ✔✔HIPPA (1996)
Health is a lifestyle --> "medical" care to "health" care
✔✔HIPPA - ✔✔Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Enforced personal data to be kept private w/o consent or request from other parties
✔✔2000s to now - ✔✔Specialized providers
Medicine on free market
Health technology
Health disparities
Affordable Care Act (2010)
✔✔Affordable Care Act - ✔✔An expansion of medicaid, most of employers must provide
health insurance, have insurance or face surtax, prevents rejection based on pre-
existing condition
Allows for patients to have a market of health insurers
✔✔Longevity - ✔✔Focus on length of life
Shift from acute to chronic treatment
