CHAMBERL AIN COLLEGE OF NURSING
Graduate Nursing Program
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Academic Year: 2026/2027 Midterm Examination
Comprehensive Study Guide
Q1 Question 1
What triggers airway inflammation in asthma?
A. Allergen or irritant exposure triggering immune activation
B. Bacterial infection
C. Viral infection only
D. Autoimmune attack
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Allergen or irritant exposure triggering immune activation
RATIONALE
Airway inflammation in asthma is triggered by allergen or irritant exposure, leading to
activation of immune cells (mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes) and release of inflammatory
mediators.
, Q2 Question 2
What is a granuloma?
A. Cluster of immune cells that contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
B. A type of antibody
C. An immune complex deposit
D. A type of cancer cell
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Cluster of immune cells that contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
RATIONALE
A granuloma is a cluster of immune cells, primarily macrophages, that form to contain an
antigen that cannot be cleared. It is a hallmark of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
Q3 Question 3
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
A. Left-sided heart failure
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Right ventricular MI
D. Tricuspid valve disease
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Left-sided heart failure
RATIONALE
The most common cause of right-sided heart failure is left-sided heart failure, as increased
pulmonary pressures from left-sided failure ultimately strain the right ventricle.
, Q4 Question 4
How does the outermost layer of the bronchioles affect breathing?
A. Controls the airway's ability to constrict and dilate
B. Produces mucus to trap pathogens
C. Contains immune cells that fight infection
D. Facilitates gas exchange in the alveoli
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Controls the airway's ability to constrict and dilate
RATIONALE
The outermost layer of the bronchioles contains smooth muscle cells that control the airway's
ability to constrict and dilate, which is critical in conditions like asthma where bronchospasm
occurs.
Q5 Question 5
What is the main function of red blood cells?
A. Oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport
B. Immune defense
C. Blood clotting
D. Regulation of blood pH
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport
RATIONALE
The main function of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to
tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
, Q6 Question 6
What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity?
A. Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production
B. Tissue necrosis and fibrosis
C. Granuloma formation
D. Immune complex deposition
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production
RATIONALE
Type I hypersensitivity manifests as vasodilation (flushing, edema), bronchoconstriction
(wheezing, dyspnea), and increased mucus production, driven by histamine and other
mediators.
Q7 Question 7
What happens in stenosis?
A. Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
B. Blood flows backward reducing forward output
C. Complete valve closure failure
D. Valve thickening without functional impairment
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
RATIONALE
Stenosis refers to narrowing of the valve opening, which obstructs blood flow and increases
the workload on the heart, leading to hypertrophy and eventual failure.
Graduate Nursing Program
NR 507 Advanced Pathophysiology
Academic Year: 2026/2027 Midterm Examination
Comprehensive Study Guide
Q1 Question 1
What triggers airway inflammation in asthma?
A. Allergen or irritant exposure triggering immune activation
B. Bacterial infection
C. Viral infection only
D. Autoimmune attack
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Allergen or irritant exposure triggering immune activation
RATIONALE
Airway inflammation in asthma is triggered by allergen or irritant exposure, leading to
activation of immune cells (mast cells, eosinophils, T lymphocytes) and release of inflammatory
mediators.
, Q2 Question 2
What is a granuloma?
A. Cluster of immune cells that contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
B. A type of antibody
C. An immune complex deposit
D. A type of cancer cell
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Cluster of immune cells that contain an antigen (Type IV reaction)
RATIONALE
A granuloma is a cluster of immune cells, primarily macrophages, that form to contain an
antigen that cannot be cleared. It is a hallmark of Type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
Q3 Question 3
What is the most common cause of right-sided heart failure?
A. Left-sided heart failure
B. Pulmonary hypertension
C. Right ventricular MI
D. Tricuspid valve disease
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Left-sided heart failure
RATIONALE
The most common cause of right-sided heart failure is left-sided heart failure, as increased
pulmonary pressures from left-sided failure ultimately strain the right ventricle.
, Q4 Question 4
How does the outermost layer of the bronchioles affect breathing?
A. Controls the airway's ability to constrict and dilate
B. Produces mucus to trap pathogens
C. Contains immune cells that fight infection
D. Facilitates gas exchange in the alveoli
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Controls the airway's ability to constrict and dilate
RATIONALE
The outermost layer of the bronchioles contains smooth muscle cells that control the airway's
ability to constrict and dilate, which is critical in conditions like asthma where bronchospasm
occurs.
Q5 Question 5
What is the main function of red blood cells?
A. Oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport
B. Immune defense
C. Blood clotting
D. Regulation of blood pH
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Oxygen and carbon-dioxide transport
RATIONALE
The main function of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to
tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs for exhalation.
, Q6 Question 6
What are the major clinical manifestations of Type I hypersensitivity?
A. Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production
B. Tissue necrosis and fibrosis
C. Granuloma formation
D. Immune complex deposition
CORRECT ANSWER:
A. Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus production
RATIONALE
Type I hypersensitivity manifests as vasodilation (flushing, edema), bronchoconstriction
(wheezing, dyspnea), and increased mucus production, driven by histamine and other
mediators.
Q7 Question 7
What happens in stenosis?
A. Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
B. Blood flows backward reducing forward output
C. Complete valve closure failure
D. Valve thickening without functional impairment
CORRECT ANSWER: A. Valve opening narrowed causing outflow obstruction
RATIONALE
Stenosis refers to narrowing of the valve opening, which obstructs blood flow and increases
the workload on the heart, leading to hypertrophy and eventual failure.
