SPCE 630 Module 6: Replication
and Research Design Practice
With Answers and Questions with
verified Rationales/instant
download Pdf
1. Critics of single case research design methodology argue
that results cannot generalize outside of the study due to:
• Answer: Too few participants .
• Rationale: This is a common critique of single-case
designs. Because they typically involve a small number of
participants (often one or a few), questions arise about
whether the findings can be applied to a larger, more
diverse population.
2. Replication is the ability to repeat the effect of which of
the following:
• Answer: Independent Variable .
• Rationale: Replication in research refers to the process of
repeating the experimental effect. This means
demonstrating that a change in the independent variable
(the intervention) reliably produces a change in the
dependent variable (the target behavior).
3. Dr. Tingstrom hopes to demonstrate the same effects of
tootling with the same classroom more than once in the
,same study. Specifically, he hopes that behaviors are at
similar levels when the intervention is in place compared to
when it is withdrawn. This is an example of:
• Answer: Direct-intra subject replication .
• Rationale: Direct-intra subject replication involves
repeating the experimental effect (comparing baseline and
intervention) with the same participant (or group) multiple
times within the same study. In Dr. Tingstrom’s study, he is
replicating the intervention's effect within his single group
of participants.
4. Which of the following is a primary reason for replicating
the findings of a study?
• Answer: To assess the reliability of the findings .
• Rationale: Replication is a cornerstone of scientific
research. It helps determine if a finding is robust and
consistent (reliable), rather than a one-time occurrence or
a result of an error or unique circumstance.
5. The analysis of data across adjacent conditions in single-
case research entails determining which of the following?
• Answer: Changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability),
immediacy of change, and amount of overlapping data .
• Rationale: This question addresses the core components
of visual analysis. To determine if a functional relation
exists, researchers systematically evaluate changes in level
(average), trend (direction), and variability (stability)
between conditions. They also assess the immediacy of the
change and the percentage of overlapping data points
between adjacent phases
,8. Which type of visual analysis is conducted within and
across conditions to identify behavior change during the
course of a study?
• Answer: Formative visual analysis .
• Rationale: Formative analysis is conducted as data are
collected. It helps researchers make decisions about when
to change conditions and whether adaptations are needed
during the study. In contrast, summative visual analysis is
conducted following study completion to determine if a
functional relation exists .
9. Which term refers to the amount of behavior that occurs,
as indicated by the ordinate scale value?
• Answer: Level .
• Rationale: Level is generally described as low, moderate,
or high and is often the characteristic of highest interest
for behavior change. It represents the average value of the
data points within a condition .
10. What is the slope and direction of a data series called?
• Answer: Trend .
• Rationale: Trend describes the direction the data are
moving over time and can be characterized as accelerating
(increasing), decelerating (decreasing), or zero-celerating
(flat/no change). It can also be described by magnitude
(steep or gradual) .
11. Which term refers to fluctuation from one data point to
the next and is the opposite of stability?
• Answer: Variability .
, • Rationale: Variability, also known as "noise," describes the
degree of fluctuation in data. High variability can make it
difficult to detect a clear effect of the independent
variable. Stability, the opposite of variability, indicates
predictability and consistency of data values within a
condition .
12. A functional relation requires at least how many
demonstrations of behavior change?
• Answer: Three .
• Rationale: According to single-case research design
standards, at least three demonstrations of an intervention
effect (e.g., across three different phases or across three
participants) are needed to establish a functional
relation—that is, to confidently say the independent
variable caused the change in the dependent variable .
13. A basic effect requires the analysis of data across:
• Answer: Adjacent conditions .
• Rationale: Behavior change is demonstrated when data
patterns in one condition differ from the data patterns in
the subsequent adjacent condition. The most basic
analysis involves comparing a baseline phase (A) with the
next intervention phase (B) .
14. In a withdrawal design, when is procedural infidelity
most likely to occur?
• Answer: Immediately after condition changes .
• Rationale: Procedural infidelity (failure to implement the
intervention correctly) is a threat to internal validity. It is
most likely to occur soon after a condition change, as
and Research Design Practice
With Answers and Questions with
verified Rationales/instant
download Pdf
1. Critics of single case research design methodology argue
that results cannot generalize outside of the study due to:
• Answer: Too few participants .
• Rationale: This is a common critique of single-case
designs. Because they typically involve a small number of
participants (often one or a few), questions arise about
whether the findings can be applied to a larger, more
diverse population.
2. Replication is the ability to repeat the effect of which of
the following:
• Answer: Independent Variable .
• Rationale: Replication in research refers to the process of
repeating the experimental effect. This means
demonstrating that a change in the independent variable
(the intervention) reliably produces a change in the
dependent variable (the target behavior).
3. Dr. Tingstrom hopes to demonstrate the same effects of
tootling with the same classroom more than once in the
,same study. Specifically, he hopes that behaviors are at
similar levels when the intervention is in place compared to
when it is withdrawn. This is an example of:
• Answer: Direct-intra subject replication .
• Rationale: Direct-intra subject replication involves
repeating the experimental effect (comparing baseline and
intervention) with the same participant (or group) multiple
times within the same study. In Dr. Tingstrom’s study, he is
replicating the intervention's effect within his single group
of participants.
4. Which of the following is a primary reason for replicating
the findings of a study?
• Answer: To assess the reliability of the findings .
• Rationale: Replication is a cornerstone of scientific
research. It helps determine if a finding is robust and
consistent (reliable), rather than a one-time occurrence or
a result of an error or unique circumstance.
5. The analysis of data across adjacent conditions in single-
case research entails determining which of the following?
• Answer: Changes in data patterns (level, trend, variability),
immediacy of change, and amount of overlapping data .
• Rationale: This question addresses the core components
of visual analysis. To determine if a functional relation
exists, researchers systematically evaluate changes in level
(average), trend (direction), and variability (stability)
between conditions. They also assess the immediacy of the
change and the percentage of overlapping data points
between adjacent phases
,8. Which type of visual analysis is conducted within and
across conditions to identify behavior change during the
course of a study?
• Answer: Formative visual analysis .
• Rationale: Formative analysis is conducted as data are
collected. It helps researchers make decisions about when
to change conditions and whether adaptations are needed
during the study. In contrast, summative visual analysis is
conducted following study completion to determine if a
functional relation exists .
9. Which term refers to the amount of behavior that occurs,
as indicated by the ordinate scale value?
• Answer: Level .
• Rationale: Level is generally described as low, moderate,
or high and is often the characteristic of highest interest
for behavior change. It represents the average value of the
data points within a condition .
10. What is the slope and direction of a data series called?
• Answer: Trend .
• Rationale: Trend describes the direction the data are
moving over time and can be characterized as accelerating
(increasing), decelerating (decreasing), or zero-celerating
(flat/no change). It can also be described by magnitude
(steep or gradual) .
11. Which term refers to fluctuation from one data point to
the next and is the opposite of stability?
• Answer: Variability .
, • Rationale: Variability, also known as "noise," describes the
degree of fluctuation in data. High variability can make it
difficult to detect a clear effect of the independent
variable. Stability, the opposite of variability, indicates
predictability and consistency of data values within a
condition .
12. A functional relation requires at least how many
demonstrations of behavior change?
• Answer: Three .
• Rationale: According to single-case research design
standards, at least three demonstrations of an intervention
effect (e.g., across three different phases or across three
participants) are needed to establish a functional
relation—that is, to confidently say the independent
variable caused the change in the dependent variable .
13. A basic effect requires the analysis of data across:
• Answer: Adjacent conditions .
• Rationale: Behavior change is demonstrated when data
patterns in one condition differ from the data patterns in
the subsequent adjacent condition. The most basic
analysis involves comparing a baseline phase (A) with the
next intervention phase (B) .
14. In a withdrawal design, when is procedural infidelity
most likely to occur?
• Answer: Immediately after condition changes .
• Rationale: Procedural infidelity (failure to implement the
intervention correctly) is a threat to internal validity. It is
most likely to occur soon after a condition change, as
