SCIENCE OLYMPIAD HEREDITY STUDY GUIDE 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces two daughter cells that are
genetically identical to the parent cell
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces 4 cells which half of the
number of chromosomes as the original parent cell
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving two parents--male and female
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving only one parent. offspring
genetically the same as the parent
✔✔cloning - ✔✔asexual reproduction
✔✔Asexual Reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving only one parent. Offspring
genetically the same as the parent
✔✔allele - ✔✔alternate forms of a gene. Usually there are two alleles for every gene,
sometimes as many a three or four in a population
✔✔causes of mutations - ✔✔chemicals radiation temperture
✔✔cell cycle - ✔✔the life cycle of a cell
✔✔Cloning - ✔✔asexual reproduction
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔both dominant alleles (genes) in an individual are expressed as
blood types
✔✔dihybrid cross - ✔✔a cross involving two traits. (phenotype ratio-(:3:3:1 and
genotype ratio- 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
✔✔DNA structure - ✔✔double helix with sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate and nitrogen
bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and cytosine) Pairing -- AT and GC
✔✔DNA replication - ✔✔Okazaki fragments- Read 3 prime to 5 prime - occurs in the
nucleus NEW STRAND - 5' to 3'
✔✔dominant - ✔✔a trait (allele) that is expressed irregardless of the second allele--
capital letters
, ✔✔epistasis - ✔✔one pair of genes alters the expression of another pair of genes as
albino
✔✔Gene - ✔✔section of DNA which carries the blueprint for making a protein or part of
a protein
✔✔gene - ✔✔a unit of inheritance that usually is directly responsible for one trait or
character. Each individual has two genes for each trait, one comes from dad and the
other from mom
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are different
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are the same
✔✔heterozygous dominant - ✔✔two different genes as Aa
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are the same
✔✔homozygous dominant - ✔✔both traits are dominant as AA
✔✔hybrid - ✔✔an individual who has one dominant and one recessive gene for a trait
✔✔Incomplete dominance - ✔✔one allele (gene) is not completely dominant over
another resulting in a blending of traits
✔✔incomplete dominance - ✔✔a trait where the phenotype of a hybrid displays a
blending of the two alleles
✔✔karyotype - ✔✔print of human chromosomes
✔✔karyotype analysis - ✔✔the numbered chromosomes pairs termed autosomes are
arranged longest to shortest; chromosomes come in pairs; the sex (X&y) chromosomes
are placed last with normal females having XX and normal males having XY; If only X
chromosomes are present, it will be female; if X and Y chromosomes are present, it will
be male; Bent chromosomes are not abnormal it is just the way they were photographed
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces 4 cells which half the number
of chromosomes as the original parent cell
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces two daughter cells that are
genetically identical to the parent cell
✔✔monohybrid cross - ✔✔a cross involving only one trait (phenotype ratio - 3:1 and
genotype ratio 1:2:1)
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces two daughter cells that are
genetically identical to the parent cell
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces 4 cells which half of the
number of chromosomes as the original parent cell
✔✔sexual reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving two parents--male and female
✔✔asexual reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving only one parent. offspring
genetically the same as the parent
✔✔cloning - ✔✔asexual reproduction
✔✔Asexual Reproduction - ✔✔reproduction involving only one parent. Offspring
genetically the same as the parent
✔✔allele - ✔✔alternate forms of a gene. Usually there are two alleles for every gene,
sometimes as many a three or four in a population
✔✔causes of mutations - ✔✔chemicals radiation temperture
✔✔cell cycle - ✔✔the life cycle of a cell
✔✔Cloning - ✔✔asexual reproduction
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔both dominant alleles (genes) in an individual are expressed as
blood types
✔✔dihybrid cross - ✔✔a cross involving two traits. (phenotype ratio-(:3:3:1 and
genotype ratio- 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1
✔✔DNA structure - ✔✔double helix with sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate and nitrogen
bases (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and cytosine) Pairing -- AT and GC
✔✔DNA replication - ✔✔Okazaki fragments- Read 3 prime to 5 prime - occurs in the
nucleus NEW STRAND - 5' to 3'
✔✔dominant - ✔✔a trait (allele) that is expressed irregardless of the second allele--
capital letters
, ✔✔epistasis - ✔✔one pair of genes alters the expression of another pair of genes as
albino
✔✔Gene - ✔✔section of DNA which carries the blueprint for making a protein or part of
a protein
✔✔gene - ✔✔a unit of inheritance that usually is directly responsible for one trait or
character. Each individual has two genes for each trait, one comes from dad and the
other from mom
✔✔heterozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are different
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are the same
✔✔heterozygous dominant - ✔✔two different genes as Aa
✔✔homozygous - ✔✔when the two alleles are the same
✔✔homozygous dominant - ✔✔both traits are dominant as AA
✔✔hybrid - ✔✔an individual who has one dominant and one recessive gene for a trait
✔✔Incomplete dominance - ✔✔one allele (gene) is not completely dominant over
another resulting in a blending of traits
✔✔incomplete dominance - ✔✔a trait where the phenotype of a hybrid displays a
blending of the two alleles
✔✔karyotype - ✔✔print of human chromosomes
✔✔karyotype analysis - ✔✔the numbered chromosomes pairs termed autosomes are
arranged longest to shortest; chromosomes come in pairs; the sex (X&y) chromosomes
are placed last with normal females having XX and normal males having XY; If only X
chromosomes are present, it will be female; if X and Y chromosomes are present, it will
be male; Bent chromosomes are not abnormal it is just the way they were photographed
✔✔meiosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces 4 cells which half the number
of chromosomes as the original parent cell
✔✔mitosis - ✔✔type of cell reproduction which produces two daughter cells that are
genetically identical to the parent cell
✔✔monohybrid cross - ✔✔a cross involving only one trait (phenotype ratio - 3:1 and
genotype ratio 1:2:1)
