RADIOLOGY PATHOLOGY STUDY GUIDE EXAM
2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Recessive inheritance - ✔✔Disease transmitted by both parents to an offspring
✔✔Amniocentesis - ✔✔Typically guided by ultrasound is a standard used(prenatally) to
asses presence of certain hereditary disorders.
✔✔Why are correct exposure factors important in respiratory radiology? - ✔✔Incorrect
exposure may create or hide pathology
✔✔Method of choice for evaluating pulmonary adenopathy? - ✔✔CT
✔✔Pulmonary Adenopathy - ✔✔Enlargement of lymph nodes
✔✔Rule of thumb for for evaluating a nodule and its size ? - ✔✔Less than 1cm- usually
benign
Greater than 1cm-usually malignant
✔✔KUB - ✔✔Kidneys, Ureter , and bladder
✔✔Perforations - ✔✔Abnormal opening in an organ
✔✔Barium sulphate - ✔✔Positive contrast agent
✔✔Air of Co2 - ✔✔Negative contrast agent
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔Muscle relaxant
Glucagon is a hyperglycemic pancreatic hormone that has been shown to provide a
beneficial effect against asthmatic bronchospasm.
✔✔How long is small bowel study ? - ✔✔2-3 hours
✔✔Modality of choice for diagnosis of inflammatory digestive conditions? -
✔✔Computed Tomography(CT)
✔✔What is CT capability In regards to neoplasms and tumors ? - ✔✔Locating the exact
site of neoplasm
Measure size of tumor
✔✔Patient is given oral contrast agent how long before CT scan? - ✔✔45-60 minutes
✔✔Atresia - ✔✔Congenital absence of closure of a normal body orifice or organ
,✔✔Esophageal Atresia - ✔✔Esophagus fails to develop past some point.
✔✔Dyspnea - ✔✔Painful/difficult breathing
✔✔Most common indication for surgery in infants - ✔✔Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
✔✔Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - ✔✔Pyloric canal of stomach is narrowed due to
overgrowth of pyloric sphincter
✔✔Modality useful in evaluating hypertrophy of pyloric muscle - ✔✔Ultrasound
✔✔Hirschprung's disease(Congenital Megacolon ) - ✔✔Absence of neurons in the
bowel wall, typically in sigmoid colon.
✔✔When is Hirschprung's disease(Congenital Megacolon ) apparent? - ✔✔Infant
passes meconium
✔✔Meconium - ✔✔First neonatal deification
✔✔Meckels's diverticulum - ✔✔Congenital diverticulum of the distal ileum(GI)
✔✔Esophageal Strictures - ✔✔Inflamed mucosa due to secondary to the ingestion of
caustic materials
✔✔GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease - ✔✔Incompetent cardiac sphincter
allowing back flow of gastric acid
✔✔Peptic ulcer - ✔✔Erosion of mucous membrane of lower end of esophagus
✔✔Pneumoperitoneoum - ✔✔Air or gas in peritoneal cavity
✔✔Gastroenteritis - ✔✔Group of inflammatory disorders of stomach and intestine
✔✔Gastritis - ✔✔Inflammation of stomach
✔✔NSAIDS - ✔✔nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
✔✔Regional Enteritis - ✔✔(Crohn's disease) chronic inflammatory of unknown etiology
✔✔Apendicitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
✔✔Most common abdominal surgical emergency in the United States? -
✔✔Appendicitis
, ✔✔Most common TX. for appendicitis? - ✔✔Surgical removal
✔✔Ulcerative Colitis
Etiology? - ✔✔Inflammatory lesion of the colon Mucosa
Thought to be autoimmune
✔✔Age group that ulcerative Colitis affects? - ✔✔15-25
✔✔Esophageal Varices - ✔✔Abnormally lengthened dilated and superficial veins
(varicose veins) located in esophagus
✔✔How are esaphogeal Varices shown while exposed with barium? - ✔✔Worm like
defects within the barium
✔✔Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Weakness of esophageal hiatus permits portion of stomach to
protrude into thoracic cavity
✔✔Volvulus - ✔✔An obstruction due to twisting or knotting of the gastrointestinal tract.
✔✔Intussusception - ✔✔Segment of bowel constricted by peristalsis telescopes into a
distal segment and is driven further into distal bowel by peristalsis
✔✔Intussusception is most common among - ✔✔Infants and children
✔✔Achalasia - ✔✔Neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus.
Failure of lower esophageal sphincter causes distal esophagus to relax
✔✔What is the symptom of Achalasia ? - ✔✔Dysphasia
✔✔Dysphasia ? - ✔✔Painful/difficulty swallowing
✔✔Most common age group of Achalasia - ✔✔Individuals 20-40
✔✔Symptoms of Achalasia - ✔✔Slow progressive dysphasia
Regurgitation
Chest pain
Moderate weight loss
✔✔Diverticulum - ✔✔Pouch of sac that occurs normally or created by herniation of a
mucous membrane
✔✔Pulsion diverticula - ✔✔Involves the mucosa only
2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Recessive inheritance - ✔✔Disease transmitted by both parents to an offspring
✔✔Amniocentesis - ✔✔Typically guided by ultrasound is a standard used(prenatally) to
asses presence of certain hereditary disorders.
✔✔Why are correct exposure factors important in respiratory radiology? - ✔✔Incorrect
exposure may create or hide pathology
✔✔Method of choice for evaluating pulmonary adenopathy? - ✔✔CT
✔✔Pulmonary Adenopathy - ✔✔Enlargement of lymph nodes
✔✔Rule of thumb for for evaluating a nodule and its size ? - ✔✔Less than 1cm- usually
benign
Greater than 1cm-usually malignant
✔✔KUB - ✔✔Kidneys, Ureter , and bladder
✔✔Perforations - ✔✔Abnormal opening in an organ
✔✔Barium sulphate - ✔✔Positive contrast agent
✔✔Air of Co2 - ✔✔Negative contrast agent
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔Muscle relaxant
Glucagon is a hyperglycemic pancreatic hormone that has been shown to provide a
beneficial effect against asthmatic bronchospasm.
✔✔How long is small bowel study ? - ✔✔2-3 hours
✔✔Modality of choice for diagnosis of inflammatory digestive conditions? -
✔✔Computed Tomography(CT)
✔✔What is CT capability In regards to neoplasms and tumors ? - ✔✔Locating the exact
site of neoplasm
Measure size of tumor
✔✔Patient is given oral contrast agent how long before CT scan? - ✔✔45-60 minutes
✔✔Atresia - ✔✔Congenital absence of closure of a normal body orifice or organ
,✔✔Esophageal Atresia - ✔✔Esophagus fails to develop past some point.
✔✔Dyspnea - ✔✔Painful/difficult breathing
✔✔Most common indication for surgery in infants - ✔✔Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
✔✔Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis - ✔✔Pyloric canal of stomach is narrowed due to
overgrowth of pyloric sphincter
✔✔Modality useful in evaluating hypertrophy of pyloric muscle - ✔✔Ultrasound
✔✔Hirschprung's disease(Congenital Megacolon ) - ✔✔Absence of neurons in the
bowel wall, typically in sigmoid colon.
✔✔When is Hirschprung's disease(Congenital Megacolon ) apparent? - ✔✔Infant
passes meconium
✔✔Meconium - ✔✔First neonatal deification
✔✔Meckels's diverticulum - ✔✔Congenital diverticulum of the distal ileum(GI)
✔✔Esophageal Strictures - ✔✔Inflamed mucosa due to secondary to the ingestion of
caustic materials
✔✔GERD Gastroesophageal reflux disease - ✔✔Incompetent cardiac sphincter
allowing back flow of gastric acid
✔✔Peptic ulcer - ✔✔Erosion of mucous membrane of lower end of esophagus
✔✔Pneumoperitoneoum - ✔✔Air or gas in peritoneal cavity
✔✔Gastroenteritis - ✔✔Group of inflammatory disorders of stomach and intestine
✔✔Gastritis - ✔✔Inflammation of stomach
✔✔NSAIDS - ✔✔nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
✔✔Regional Enteritis - ✔✔(Crohn's disease) chronic inflammatory of unknown etiology
✔✔Apendicitis - ✔✔Inflammation of the vermiform appendix
✔✔Most common abdominal surgical emergency in the United States? -
✔✔Appendicitis
, ✔✔Most common TX. for appendicitis? - ✔✔Surgical removal
✔✔Ulcerative Colitis
Etiology? - ✔✔Inflammatory lesion of the colon Mucosa
Thought to be autoimmune
✔✔Age group that ulcerative Colitis affects? - ✔✔15-25
✔✔Esophageal Varices - ✔✔Abnormally lengthened dilated and superficial veins
(varicose veins) located in esophagus
✔✔How are esaphogeal Varices shown while exposed with barium? - ✔✔Worm like
defects within the barium
✔✔Hiatal Hernia - ✔✔Weakness of esophageal hiatus permits portion of stomach to
protrude into thoracic cavity
✔✔Volvulus - ✔✔An obstruction due to twisting or knotting of the gastrointestinal tract.
✔✔Intussusception - ✔✔Segment of bowel constricted by peristalsis telescopes into a
distal segment and is driven further into distal bowel by peristalsis
✔✔Intussusception is most common among - ✔✔Infants and children
✔✔Achalasia - ✔✔Neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus.
Failure of lower esophageal sphincter causes distal esophagus to relax
✔✔What is the symptom of Achalasia ? - ✔✔Dysphasia
✔✔Dysphasia ? - ✔✔Painful/difficulty swallowing
✔✔Most common age group of Achalasia - ✔✔Individuals 20-40
✔✔Symptoms of Achalasia - ✔✔Slow progressive dysphasia
Regurgitation
Chest pain
Moderate weight loss
✔✔Diverticulum - ✔✔Pouch of sac that occurs normally or created by herniation of a
mucous membrane
✔✔Pulsion diverticula - ✔✔Involves the mucosa only
