BIOLOGY MACROMOLECULES TEST PAPER 2026/2027
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Chitin - ✔✔Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains
nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of
many fungi.
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Literally no affinity for water (hydrophobic), nonpolar molecules. Have C,
H and O, but not in a 2:1 ratio.
✔✔Triacylglycerols - ✔✔(Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol +
3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3 water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital
organs, and insulation.
✔✔Glycerol - ✔✔An alcohol (contains a hydroxyl group) with 3 carbons and 3 OH's
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton; many kinds,
while there is 1 type of glycerol.
✔✔Ester Linkage - ✔✔Joins 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol
✔✔Saturated fatty acids - ✔✔Fatty acids with single bonds, hydrogen at every possible
position, a straight shape, from an animal source. Solid at room temperature.
✔✔Unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔Fatty acids with double and single bonds, without
hydrogens at every possible position, a kinked/bent shape, from a plant source. Liquid
at room temperature.
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate group in the
3rd position. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds
✔✔Steroid - ✔✔A type of phospholipid: A carbon skeleton with 4 fused carbon rings,
which are closely interlocked. ex., cholesterol
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔Built up of 20 types of amino acids, which can unravel or denature in
response to changes in pH, salt concentration, and temperature because they disrupt
the bonds between parts of the protein
✔✔Antibodies - ✔✔Bind to particular foreign substances that fit their binding sites
✔✔Neurotransmitters - ✔✔Pass signals from one cell to another by binding to receptror
sites on proteins in the membrane of the recieving cell
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Chitin - ✔✔Makes up the exoskeleton of pill bugs; extremely strong, contains
nitrogen-containing appendage on each glucose. Structural support for the cell walls of
many fungi.
✔✔Lipids - ✔✔Literally no affinity for water (hydrophobic), nonpolar molecules. Have C,
H and O, but not in a 2:1 ratio.
✔✔Triacylglycerols - ✔✔(Fats): Store large amounts of energy, made up of 1 glycerol +
3 fatty acids -> 1 fat + 3 water molecules. Functions as energy storage, to cushion vital
organs, and insulation.
✔✔Glycerol - ✔✔An alcohol (contains a hydroxyl group) with 3 carbons and 3 OH's
✔✔Fatty Acid - ✔✔Carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton; many kinds,
while there is 1 type of glycerol.
✔✔Ester Linkage - ✔✔Joins 3 fatty acids to a glycerol, creating a triacylglycerol
✔✔Saturated fatty acids - ✔✔Fatty acids with single bonds, hydrogen at every possible
position, a straight shape, from an animal source. Solid at room temperature.
✔✔Unsaturated fatty acids - ✔✔Fatty acids with double and single bonds, without
hydrogens at every possible position, a kinked/bent shape, from a plant source. Liquid
at room temperature.
✔✔Phospholipid - ✔✔2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol, with a phosphate group in the
3rd position. Have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic bonds
✔✔Steroid - ✔✔A type of phospholipid: A carbon skeleton with 4 fused carbon rings,
which are closely interlocked. ex., cholesterol
✔✔Proteins - ✔✔Built up of 20 types of amino acids, which can unravel or denature in
response to changes in pH, salt concentration, and temperature because they disrupt
the bonds between parts of the protein
✔✔Antibodies - ✔✔Bind to particular foreign substances that fit their binding sites
✔✔Neurotransmitters - ✔✔Pass signals from one cell to another by binding to receptror
sites on proteins in the membrane of the recieving cell
