AC-HPAT Biology Verified Exam Questions and Answers Latest
update 2026/2027
Question:
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes
Answer:
The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose
levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
Question:
How does insulin work in diabetes?
Answer:
Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by
delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to
deliver variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
Question:
chemotherapy
Answer:
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more
quickly than most cells in the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do.
Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it
can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone
marrow.
Question:
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it?
Answer:
Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood.
Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell transplantation
is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also
attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people
suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
,Question:
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous tumours?
Answer:
Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less damage to normal
tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. With laser
therapy, operations are usually shorter.
Question:
Urinary system
Answer:
· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate
blood pH
Question:
Nanotechnology
Answer:
Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling
scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells.
Question:
Mercury poisoning
Answer:
The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming too much methyl mercury or
organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury are present in everyday
foods and products, which may not affect your health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous.
Mercury salts affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney
damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little
neurological damage without continuous or heavy exposure.
Question:
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye?
Answer:
UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV
rays, especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
, Question:
Macromolecules
Answer:
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed
by many monomers linking together, forming a polymer.
Question:
passive transport
Answer:
Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell
membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of
cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
Question:
active transport
Answer:
active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration— against the concentration gradient. Active
transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
Question:
catalyst
Answer:
Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any
permanent chemical change.
Question:
fluid mosaic model
Answer:
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
update 2026/2027
Question:
Pancreas and Type 1 diabetes
Answer:
The pancreas is the organ that produces insulin, and it plays a major role in regulating blood glucose
levels. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not make enough or any insulin.
Question:
How does insulin work in diabetes?
Answer:
Insulin pumps are small, computerized devices that mimic the way the human pancreas works by
delivering small doses of short acting insulin continuously (basal rate). The device also is used to
deliver variable amounts of insulin when a meal is eaten (bolus)
Question:
chemotherapy
Answer:
Chemotherapy is a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body.
Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more
quickly than most cells in the body. It targets cells that grow and divide quickly, as cancer cells do.
Unlike radiation or surgery, which target specific areas, chemo can work throughout your body. But it
can also affect some fast-growing healthy cells, like those of the skin, hair, intestines, and bone
marrow.
Question:
How can stem cells be used in the treatment of leukemia? And how effective is it?
Answer:
Stem cell transplant replaces the leukemia cells in your bone marrow with new ones that make blood.
Your doctor can get the new stem cells from your own body or from a donor. Stem cell transplantation
is effective against leukemia. In many cases, however, the transferred immune cells of the donor also
attack the recipients' healthy tissue—often with fatal consequences. ... Stem cell therapy offers people
suffering from leukemia or bone-marrow cancer the chance of full recovery.
,Question:
Why is laser technology more effective than conventional surgery in removing cancerous tumours?
Answer:
Lasers are more precise than standard surgical tools (scalpels), so they do less damage to normal
tissues. As a result, patients usually have less pain, bleeding, swelling, and scarring. With laser
therapy, operations are usually shorter.
Question:
Urinary system
Answer:
· The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters,
bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body,
regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate
blood pH
Question:
Nanotechnology
Answer:
Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer-related molecules, enabling
scientists to detect molecular changes even when they occur only in a small percentage of cells.
Question:
Mercury poisoning
Answer:
The most common cause of mercury poisoning is from consuming too much methyl mercury or
organic mercury, which is linked to eating seafood. Small amounts of mercury are present in everyday
foods and products, which may not affect your health. Too much mercury, however, can be poisonous.
Mercury salts affect primarily the gastrointestinal tract and the kidneys, and can cause severe kidney
damage; however, as they cannot cross the blood-brain barrier easily, these salts inflict little
neurological damage without continuous or heavy exposure.
Question:
How can ultraviolet light from the sun affect the cells of the human eye?
Answer:
UV rays may lead to macular degeneration, a leading cause of vision loss for older Americans. UV
rays, especially UV-B rays, may also cause some kinds of cataracts. A cataract is a clouding of the
eye's natural lens, the part of the eye that focuses the light we see.
, Question:
Macromolecules
Answer:
Macromolecules are large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms.
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules. Macromolecules are formed
by many monomers linking together, forming a polymer.
Question:
passive transport
Answer:
Passive transport is a movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell
membranes without need of energy input. Unlike active transport, it does not require an input of
cellular energy because it is instead driven by the tendency of the system to grow in entropy.
Question:
active transport
Answer:
active transport is the movement of molecules across a membrane from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher concentration— against the concentration gradient. Active
transport requires cellular energy to achieve this movement.
Question:
catalyst
Answer:
Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any
permanent chemical change.
Question:
fluid mosaic model
Answer:
describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of components —including
phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates—that gives the membrane a fluid character.
The proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the plasma membrane vary with cell type
