C180-introduction to psychology exam questions and answers
empirical study - -Results of verifiable evidence from a systematic collection and analysis of data that
has been objectively observed, measured, and undergone experimentation.
--Basic research - -research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
--Applied research - -research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and
provides solutions to everyday problems.
--Basic research - -Expands knowledge on an area of research interest but does not seek to promote
change in behavior or mental state.
--Empirical Research - -Collects and analyzes data on areas of research interest using scientific
measures to gain knowledge for knowledge's sake or to promote changes in behavior or mental
states.
--Applied Research - -Applies research findings towards well-being, e.g. change in behavior or mental
state.
--Mentalism - -type of performing art in which the performer appears to read the mind of another.
Such powers may seem to be the result of psychic or paranormal practices, but in reality is the result
of a combination of suggestion, misdirection, and psychology.
--Hypnosis - -a therapeutic technique employed by some clinicians to facilitate increased
suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
--Consciousness - -our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
--dualism - -the mind (or soul) and the body are separate entities
--monism - -consciousness and the mind are biologically based and exist within the brain
--cognitive neuroscience - -looks to correlate brain activity to behavior through the use of functional
brain imaging
, --negative emotional reactions - -occur when we are not living up to our anticipated goals or
expectations or when we believe that other people perceive us negatively
--maladaptive behaviors - -use of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs, to escape from consciousness
--Developmental psychology - -the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur
throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and
environmental influences (nurture).
--Birth to 18 months - -Trust versus mistrust. The child develops a feeling of trust in his or her
caregivers.
--18 months to 3 years - -Autonomy versus shame/doubt. The child learns what he or she can and
cannot control and develops a sense of free will.
--3 to 6 years - -Initiative versus guilt. The child learns to be independent by exploring, manipulating,
and taking action.
--6 to 12 years - -Industry versus inferiority. The child learns to do things well or correctly according
to standards set by others, particularly in school.
--12 to 18 years - -Identity versus role confusion. The adolescent develops a well-defined and
positive sense of self in relationship to others.
--19 to 40 years - -Intimacy versus isolation. The person develops the ability to give and receive love
and to make long-term commitments.
--40 to 65 years - -Generativity versus stagnation. The person develops an interest in guiding the
development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
--65 to death - -Ego integrity versus despair. The person develops acceptance of his or her life as it
was lived.
empirical study - -Results of verifiable evidence from a systematic collection and analysis of data that
has been objectively observed, measured, and undergone experimentation.
--Basic research - -research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
--Applied research - -research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday life and
provides solutions to everyday problems.
--Basic research - -Expands knowledge on an area of research interest but does not seek to promote
change in behavior or mental state.
--Empirical Research - -Collects and analyzes data on areas of research interest using scientific
measures to gain knowledge for knowledge's sake or to promote changes in behavior or mental
states.
--Applied Research - -Applies research findings towards well-being, e.g. change in behavior or mental
state.
--Mentalism - -type of performing art in which the performer appears to read the mind of another.
Such powers may seem to be the result of psychic or paranormal practices, but in reality is the result
of a combination of suggestion, misdirection, and psychology.
--Hypnosis - -a therapeutic technique employed by some clinicians to facilitate increased
suggestibility and dissociated experiences.
--Consciousness - -our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment.
--dualism - -the mind (or soul) and the body are separate entities
--monism - -consciousness and the mind are biologically based and exist within the brain
--cognitive neuroscience - -looks to correlate brain activity to behavior through the use of functional
brain imaging
, --negative emotional reactions - -occur when we are not living up to our anticipated goals or
expectations or when we believe that other people perceive us negatively
--maladaptive behaviors - -use of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs, to escape from consciousness
--Developmental psychology - -the physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social changes that occur
throughout human life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and
environmental influences (nurture).
--Birth to 18 months - -Trust versus mistrust. The child develops a feeling of trust in his or her
caregivers.
--18 months to 3 years - -Autonomy versus shame/doubt. The child learns what he or she can and
cannot control and develops a sense of free will.
--3 to 6 years - -Initiative versus guilt. The child learns to be independent by exploring, manipulating,
and taking action.
--6 to 12 years - -Industry versus inferiority. The child learns to do things well or correctly according
to standards set by others, particularly in school.
--12 to 18 years - -Identity versus role confusion. The adolescent develops a well-defined and
positive sense of self in relationship to others.
--19 to 40 years - -Intimacy versus isolation. The person develops the ability to give and receive love
and to make long-term commitments.
--40 to 65 years - -Generativity versus stagnation. The person develops an interest in guiding the
development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.
--65 to death - -Ego integrity versus despair. The person develops acceptance of his or her life as it
was lived.
