COKO CORE EXAM SET 2026/2027 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔End Diastolic Volume (EDV) - ✔✔Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole ("preload")
✔✔End Systolic Volume (ESV) - ✔✔Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the
end of systole (contraction).
✔✔Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - ✔✔Pressure that propels the blood to the tissues
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
✔✔total peripheral resistance - ✔✔the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system
✔✔As cardiac output increases, what effect does it have on MAP and TPR - ✔✔As Q
INC, more blood is being ejected out of the heart each minute. MAP increases which
cause blood vessels to dilate causing TPR to decrease
MAP INC
TPR DEC
✔✔Individuals on beta blockers experience what changes to their HR? - ✔✔may have
reduced HR response to exercise and an increased or decreased maximal exercise
capacity.
✔✔What is HIIT training? - ✔✔High Intensity Interval Training involves alternating 3-4
min periods of high intensity (80-90% HRR) with exercise at 60-70% HRR.
✔✔What effect does HIIT have on patients with coronary heart disease? - ✔✔HIIT for
approx. 40min/3x a week has shown improvement in V02 peak
✔✔What changes in metabolic activity can control blood flow? - ✔✔Active Hyperaemia,
Reactive Hyperaemia, Arterial Stretch, Locally Secreted Chemical Messengers
✔✔active hyperemia - ✔✔increased blood flow through a tissue associated with the
increased metabolic activity (C02, adenosine, and K+).
✔✔vasodialate - ✔✔widening of blood vessels due to increase in C02
✔✔reactive hyperemia - ✔✔increase in blood flow after it is temporarily disrupted
✔✔resting blood flow (CO) - ✔✔5L/min
✔✔Exercise blood flow (CO) - ✔✔25L/min
,✔✔blood pressure (BP) - ✔✔The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the
arteries as it passes through them.
✔✔blood flow - ✔✔volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation
in given period
✔✔Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - ✔✔resistance to blood flow
✔✔Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is determined by which 3 factors? - ✔✔Blood
vessel diameter
Blood viscosity
blood vessel length
✔✔Q= MAP/TPR what happens when
1. pressure inc?
2. resistance increases? - ✔✔Pressure inc= INC MAP, INC Q, DEC TPR
Resistance inc= INC TPR, DEC MAP, DEC Q
✔✔Which factors are vitamin K dependent? - ✔✔2, 7, 9, 10
✔✔Which factors are produced by contracting a muscle, causing vasodilation? -
✔✔Adenosine, NO, C02, DEC in pH (INC in H+)
✔✔What is MAP if the DBP is 80 and pulse pressure is 50? - ✔✔MAP= DBP + PP/3
MAP= 80 + 50/3
=130/3
=43
✔✔Baroeceptors - ✔✔located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to
changes in BP
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) - ✔✔measures circulating glucose level in a patient
who has fasted at least 8 hours
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in a healthy adult is - ✔✔5.6 mmol/L
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in an adult with diabetes is - ✔✔7.0 mmol/L
, ✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular
contraction.
=EDV-ESV
(The volume at the end of diastole)-(The volume after systole).
✔✔Average individual has how many litres of blood? - ✔✔5.5L of blood
✔✔What sort of diet induces RBC production? - ✔✔Iron, & Folic Acid
✔✔What feature does the trachea have to prevent it from collapsing? - ✔✔C-shaped
cartilage (Provides rigidity and maintains airways open).
✔✔What activity occurs in the lungs during exercise and what hormones are being
produced? - ✔✔Activity in the simpatico division causes the adrenal medulla to release
hormones E and NE,
This causes relaxation of the bronchioles and will dilate the airway. and lung ventilation
improves and increases.
✔✔During inhalation, the diaphragm - ✔✔contracts and moves downward
✔✔During exhalation the diaphragm - ✔✔relaxes and moves up
✔✔During inhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, the lungs are pulled
outward, and alveolar pressure decreases.
(Volume increases + Pressure decreases)
✔✔During exhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil inward, and aveolar
pressure increases forcing air out of the lungs
(Volume decreases + Pressure increases).
✔✔During respiration what does tidal wave represent? - ✔✔(regular breath) volume of
air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath.
avg. 500ml
✔✔During respiration what does IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration (quick
breath in past normal breath)
arg. 3000ml
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔End Diastolic Volume (EDV) - ✔✔Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of
diastole ("preload")
✔✔End Systolic Volume (ESV) - ✔✔Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the
end of systole (contraction).
✔✔Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) - ✔✔Pressure that propels the blood to the tissues
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
✔✔total peripheral resistance - ✔✔the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system
✔✔As cardiac output increases, what effect does it have on MAP and TPR - ✔✔As Q
INC, more blood is being ejected out of the heart each minute. MAP increases which
cause blood vessels to dilate causing TPR to decrease
MAP INC
TPR DEC
✔✔Individuals on beta blockers experience what changes to their HR? - ✔✔may have
reduced HR response to exercise and an increased or decreased maximal exercise
capacity.
✔✔What is HIIT training? - ✔✔High Intensity Interval Training involves alternating 3-4
min periods of high intensity (80-90% HRR) with exercise at 60-70% HRR.
✔✔What effect does HIIT have on patients with coronary heart disease? - ✔✔HIIT for
approx. 40min/3x a week has shown improvement in V02 peak
✔✔What changes in metabolic activity can control blood flow? - ✔✔Active Hyperaemia,
Reactive Hyperaemia, Arterial Stretch, Locally Secreted Chemical Messengers
✔✔active hyperemia - ✔✔increased blood flow through a tissue associated with the
increased metabolic activity (C02, adenosine, and K+).
✔✔vasodialate - ✔✔widening of blood vessels due to increase in C02
✔✔reactive hyperemia - ✔✔increase in blood flow after it is temporarily disrupted
✔✔resting blood flow (CO) - ✔✔5L/min
✔✔Exercise blood flow (CO) - ✔✔25L/min
,✔✔blood pressure (BP) - ✔✔The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the
arteries as it passes through them.
✔✔blood flow - ✔✔volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulation
in given period
✔✔Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) - ✔✔resistance to blood flow
✔✔Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is determined by which 3 factors? - ✔✔Blood
vessel diameter
Blood viscosity
blood vessel length
✔✔Q= MAP/TPR what happens when
1. pressure inc?
2. resistance increases? - ✔✔Pressure inc= INC MAP, INC Q, DEC TPR
Resistance inc= INC TPR, DEC MAP, DEC Q
✔✔Which factors are vitamin K dependent? - ✔✔2, 7, 9, 10
✔✔Which factors are produced by contracting a muscle, causing vasodilation? -
✔✔Adenosine, NO, C02, DEC in pH (INC in H+)
✔✔What is MAP if the DBP is 80 and pulse pressure is 50? - ✔✔MAP= DBP + PP/3
MAP= 80 + 50/3
=130/3
=43
✔✔Baroeceptors - ✔✔located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to
changes in BP
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) - ✔✔measures circulating glucose level in a patient
who has fasted at least 8 hours
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in a healthy adult is - ✔✔5.6 mmol/L
✔✔fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in an adult with diabetes is - ✔✔7.0 mmol/L
, ✔✔Stroke Volume (SV) - ✔✔The volume of blood pumped forward with each ventricular
contraction.
=EDV-ESV
(The volume at the end of diastole)-(The volume after systole).
✔✔Average individual has how many litres of blood? - ✔✔5.5L of blood
✔✔What sort of diet induces RBC production? - ✔✔Iron, & Folic Acid
✔✔What feature does the trachea have to prevent it from collapsing? - ✔✔C-shaped
cartilage (Provides rigidity and maintains airways open).
✔✔What activity occurs in the lungs during exercise and what hormones are being
produced? - ✔✔Activity in the simpatico division causes the adrenal medulla to release
hormones E and NE,
This causes relaxation of the bronchioles and will dilate the airway. and lung ventilation
improves and increases.
✔✔During inhalation, the diaphragm - ✔✔contracts and moves downward
✔✔During exhalation the diaphragm - ✔✔relaxes and moves up
✔✔During inhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, the lungs are pulled
outward, and alveolar pressure decreases.
(Volume increases + Pressure decreases)
✔✔During exhalation - ✔✔the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil inward, and aveolar
pressure increases forcing air out of the lungs
(Volume decreases + Pressure increases).
✔✔During respiration what does tidal wave represent? - ✔✔(regular breath) volume of
air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath.
avg. 500ml
✔✔During respiration what does IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) represent? - ✔✔Max
amount of volume that can be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration (quick
breath in past normal breath)
arg. 3000ml
