ARM 401 ALL PRACTICE EXAM 2026/2027 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Change Analysis (predictive) - ✔✔An analysis that projects the effects a given
system change is likely to have on an existing system. As opposed to the other
techniques, which review accidents that occurred in an effort to discover their causes,
change analysis asks a series of what-if questions regarding a possible change in
process that has yet to occur. It then projects the consequences for the changes
✔✔Job Safety Analysis - ✔✔An analysis that dissects a repetitive task, whether
performed by a person or machine, to determine potential hazards if each action is not
performed. Each job (activity or operation) is broken down into individual sequential
steps. Hazards associated with each step are identified, controls are defined, and
responsibility for implementing each step is assigned (provided that the added benefit of
the safety procedure outweighs its costs). JSA applies best to repetitive human tasks
performed in an environment sufficiently stable to allow most hazards to be foreseen
✔✔Strategic Risk - ✔✔Uncertainties associated with the organization's long-term goals
and management decisions
✔✔Operational Risk - ✔✔Uncertainties associated with the organization's procedures,
systems, and policies
✔✔Monte Carlo Simulation - ✔✔simulates the effects that various types of uncertainty
may have on a process; results are assembled into probability distributions representing
possible outcomes; focuses on specific variables in a project—such as revenues,
interest rates, gross margins, and costs; used to introduce random variables into a
process and simulate the probability of outcomes
✔✔Delphi Benefits - ✔✔Cost effective, eliminates bias, honest opinions from experts
✔✔Scenario Analysis - ✔✔Scenario analysis identifies risks and predicts the potential
consequences of those specific risks; A scenario analysis can help identify a range of
potential consequences and prioritize risks. An organization should assemble an
internal cross-functional team to gain a multidimensional view of a risk's potential
consequences
✔✔Although systems come in all shapes and sizes and with a multitude of subsystems
and subsubsystems, they all have four basic features. Can you name those four
features? - ✔✔Every system will consist of these four parts: components, purpose,
environment, and life cycle.
✔✔Environment Classifications - ✔✔The immediate physical environment includes
temperature, illumination, pressure, walking/working surfaces, and so on
,The organizational (management) environment includes the policies and procedures
that govern the interaction of the system's physical elements
The socioeconomic/legal environment includes social norms and conventions; safety,
environmental, and transportation laws and regulations; and local, national, and global
economic considerations.
✔✔Phases of the Life Cycle - ✔✔Conceptual
Engineering
Production
Operational
Disposal
✔✔System Safety Advantages - ✔✔A system safety approach allows a risk
management professional to view an accident from the perspectives of many different
systems. Each system suggests different ways in which the accident might occur and in
which the frequency or severity of such accidents could be reduced
✔✔System Safety - ✔✔A safety engineering technique also used as an approach to
accident causation that considers the mutual effects of the interrelated elements of a
system on one another throughout the system's life cycle
✔✔Conceptual Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the basic purpose and
preliminary design of the system are formulated
✔✔Engineering Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system's design is
constructed and prototypes are tested
✔✔Production Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the actual system is
created
✔✔Operational Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system is
implemented
✔✔Disposal Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system reaches the
end of its useful life and is disposed of
✔✔Root causes have four basic characteristics: - ✔✔A root cause is expressed as a
specific underlying cause, not a generalization
A root cause can be reasonably identified
A root cause must be expressed as something that can be modified
A root cause is something that can be prevented through effective recommendations
✔✔Types of RCA Approaches - ✔✔Safety-based originated from accident analysis and
occupational safety and health.
Production-based evolved from quality control procedures for industrial manufacturing.
, Process-based is similar to production-based RCA, but it also includes business
processes.
Failure-based stems from failure analysis and is used primarily in engineering and
maintenance.
Systems-based combines these four approaches with change management, risk
management, and systems analysis concepts.
✔✔Steps in the Root Cause Analysis Process - ✔✔collect data, chart causal factors,
identify the root cause, determine and implement recommendations
✔✔Causal Factors - ✔✔The agents that directly result in one event causing another
✔✔Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) - ✔✔An analysis that reverses the
direction of reasoning in fault tree analysis by starting with causes and branching out to
consequences; FMEA is a root cause analysis technique used predominantly in product
development and operations management. Its ultimate objective is to identify the most
critical system failures that can cause the most damaging consequences. Once this is
known, a plan of action can be developed and implemented.
✔✔Failure mode - ✔✔The manner in which a perceived or actual defect in an item,
process, or design occurs
✔✔Effects Analysis - ✔✔The study of a failure's consequences to determine a risk
event's root cause(s)
✔✔Indenture Level - ✔✔An item's relative complexity within an assembly, system, or
function
✔✔Local Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation, function, or
status of the specific item or system level under analysis
✔✔Next-Higher-Level Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation,
function, or status of the items in the indenture level immediately above the indenture
level under analysis
✔✔End Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation, function, or
status of the highest indenture level
✔✔Criticality analysis - ✔✔An analysis that identifies the critical components of a
system and ranks the severity of losing each component
✔✔Criticality - ✔✔A product of consequence and occurrence ranking, taken from the
risk priority number calculation, used to determine the relative risk of a failure mode and
effects analysis item
AND SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Change Analysis (predictive) - ✔✔An analysis that projects the effects a given
system change is likely to have on an existing system. As opposed to the other
techniques, which review accidents that occurred in an effort to discover their causes,
change analysis asks a series of what-if questions regarding a possible change in
process that has yet to occur. It then projects the consequences for the changes
✔✔Job Safety Analysis - ✔✔An analysis that dissects a repetitive task, whether
performed by a person or machine, to determine potential hazards if each action is not
performed. Each job (activity or operation) is broken down into individual sequential
steps. Hazards associated with each step are identified, controls are defined, and
responsibility for implementing each step is assigned (provided that the added benefit of
the safety procedure outweighs its costs). JSA applies best to repetitive human tasks
performed in an environment sufficiently stable to allow most hazards to be foreseen
✔✔Strategic Risk - ✔✔Uncertainties associated with the organization's long-term goals
and management decisions
✔✔Operational Risk - ✔✔Uncertainties associated with the organization's procedures,
systems, and policies
✔✔Monte Carlo Simulation - ✔✔simulates the effects that various types of uncertainty
may have on a process; results are assembled into probability distributions representing
possible outcomes; focuses on specific variables in a project—such as revenues,
interest rates, gross margins, and costs; used to introduce random variables into a
process and simulate the probability of outcomes
✔✔Delphi Benefits - ✔✔Cost effective, eliminates bias, honest opinions from experts
✔✔Scenario Analysis - ✔✔Scenario analysis identifies risks and predicts the potential
consequences of those specific risks; A scenario analysis can help identify a range of
potential consequences and prioritize risks. An organization should assemble an
internal cross-functional team to gain a multidimensional view of a risk's potential
consequences
✔✔Although systems come in all shapes and sizes and with a multitude of subsystems
and subsubsystems, they all have four basic features. Can you name those four
features? - ✔✔Every system will consist of these four parts: components, purpose,
environment, and life cycle.
✔✔Environment Classifications - ✔✔The immediate physical environment includes
temperature, illumination, pressure, walking/working surfaces, and so on
,The organizational (management) environment includes the policies and procedures
that govern the interaction of the system's physical elements
The socioeconomic/legal environment includes social norms and conventions; safety,
environmental, and transportation laws and regulations; and local, national, and global
economic considerations.
✔✔Phases of the Life Cycle - ✔✔Conceptual
Engineering
Production
Operational
Disposal
✔✔System Safety Advantages - ✔✔A system safety approach allows a risk
management professional to view an accident from the perspectives of many different
systems. Each system suggests different ways in which the accident might occur and in
which the frequency or severity of such accidents could be reduced
✔✔System Safety - ✔✔A safety engineering technique also used as an approach to
accident causation that considers the mutual effects of the interrelated elements of a
system on one another throughout the system's life cycle
✔✔Conceptual Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the basic purpose and
preliminary design of the system are formulated
✔✔Engineering Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system's design is
constructed and prototypes are tested
✔✔Production Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the actual system is
created
✔✔Operational Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system is
implemented
✔✔Disposal Phase - ✔✔A phase in the life of a system when the system reaches the
end of its useful life and is disposed of
✔✔Root causes have four basic characteristics: - ✔✔A root cause is expressed as a
specific underlying cause, not a generalization
A root cause can be reasonably identified
A root cause must be expressed as something that can be modified
A root cause is something that can be prevented through effective recommendations
✔✔Types of RCA Approaches - ✔✔Safety-based originated from accident analysis and
occupational safety and health.
Production-based evolved from quality control procedures for industrial manufacturing.
, Process-based is similar to production-based RCA, but it also includes business
processes.
Failure-based stems from failure analysis and is used primarily in engineering and
maintenance.
Systems-based combines these four approaches with change management, risk
management, and systems analysis concepts.
✔✔Steps in the Root Cause Analysis Process - ✔✔collect data, chart causal factors,
identify the root cause, determine and implement recommendations
✔✔Causal Factors - ✔✔The agents that directly result in one event causing another
✔✔Failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) - ✔✔An analysis that reverses the
direction of reasoning in fault tree analysis by starting with causes and branching out to
consequences; FMEA is a root cause analysis technique used predominantly in product
development and operations management. Its ultimate objective is to identify the most
critical system failures that can cause the most damaging consequences. Once this is
known, a plan of action can be developed and implemented.
✔✔Failure mode - ✔✔The manner in which a perceived or actual defect in an item,
process, or design occurs
✔✔Effects Analysis - ✔✔The study of a failure's consequences to determine a risk
event's root cause(s)
✔✔Indenture Level - ✔✔An item's relative complexity within an assembly, system, or
function
✔✔Local Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation, function, or
status of the specific item or system level under analysis
✔✔Next-Higher-Level Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation,
function, or status of the items in the indenture level immediately above the indenture
level under analysis
✔✔End Effect - ✔✔The consequence of a failure mode on the operation, function, or
status of the highest indenture level
✔✔Criticality analysis - ✔✔An analysis that identifies the critical components of a
system and ranks the severity of losing each component
✔✔Criticality - ✔✔A product of consequence and occurrence ranking, taken from the
risk priority number calculation, used to determine the relative risk of a failure mode and
effects analysis item
