POPM 4230 Midterm 2 Questions and
Answers
what is the quality assurance program for dairy? - ANSWER-proAction program,
shows how farmers responsibly produce milk
made up of 6 modules - milk quality, food safety, animal care, livestock traceability,
biosecurity, environmental sustainability
cow-calf operations in Ontario - ANSWER-focus on raising calves to become beef
cattle
cows bred in summer, calve in spring, on pasture for 7-8 months, where
transitioned to a grain diet and sold to a feedlot
feedlots - ANSWER-calves arrive after weaning (~7-8 months old) weighing 500-
600lbs, fed diet high in corn for ~200d, sent for slaughter b/w 15-17 MOA or when
they reach b/w 1300-1500lbs
goal is to achieve fast and efficient lean muscle gain
quality assurance on beef farms - ANSWER-Verified Beef Production Plus (VBP+)
nationally applicable, voluntary
incorporates on-farm recording and auditing of beef farms, w/a specific focus on
animal care, biosecurity, environmental stewardship, food safety
how long is sow gestation? - ANSWER-115d
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 d
weaning pigs - ANSWER-2-4 woa, then moved to nursery area for 6-8 weeks,
where they are housed in groups
- Typically leave the facility when they reach 25kg
Most commonly exported group or sold to another producer/finisher
finishing pigs - ANSWER-Young animals (10 woa) housed in groups and fed a diet
high in corn and soybeans for 3-4 months
Considered finished/at market weight when they reach 110kg (6 months old), then
shipped to an abattoir for slaughter
quality assurance pigs - ANSWER-Canadian Pork Excellence program administered
by Canadian Pork Council
covers traceability (PigTrace), food safety (PigSafe), and animal care (PigCare)
on-farm records are inspected annually, site inspected every 3 years
3 pillars of supply management poultry industry - ANSWER-Import control - helps
determine how much industry needs to satisfy Canada's needs
Production planning - supply kept steady by determining how much is required
every quota period
,Producer pricing - negotiation of fair price based on production costs
Ensures producers receive fair return and have production costs covered
quality assurance poultry - ANSWER-each sector has a specific program that
involves on-farm inspection and audits to ensure they're meeting requirements
quality assurance sheep and goats - ANSWER-No mandatory programs, OSF
administers a number of voluntary flock health programs to ensure Ontario sheep
products are safely and responsibly produced
Goat industry doesn't follow industry-led quality assurance program, but must
adhere to food safety standards and regulations established by OMAFRA and CFIA
health management - ANSWER-promotion of health and prevention of disease in
animals within the economic/business framework of the animal owner/industry
- Holistic approach to health of populations of animals
health - ANSWER-state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
five freedoms - ANSWER-1) hunger and thirst
2) Freedom from discomfort by providing and appropriate environment
3) Freedom from pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and
treatment
4) Freedom to express normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper
facilities, and appropriate company of the animals' own kind
5) Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which
avoid mental suffering
disease - ANSWER-Abnormality of structure or function w/an identifiable
pathological basis and recognizable clinical signs
subclinical disease - ANSWER-non-visible but measurable abnormalities in the
function of an animal ex. subclinical mastitis is presence of a bacterial infection of
the udder w/no other clinical signs
suboptimal production - ANSWER-below what's expected for that particular breed,
genetic line, industry, and/or farm ex. broiler chicks experiencing average daily
gains of 27.5 g/d when it should be 35g/d
suboptimal welfare - ANSWER-evaluated in context of the 5 freedoms ex. beef
operation doesn't employ pain control when castrating their bulls
name the six categories of disease - ANSWER-degenerative
anomalous
metabolic
neoplastic
infectious
traumatic/toxic
,degenerative disease - ANSWER-structure altered by age, use/disuse, or
biochemical changes ex. arthritis
anomalous disease - ANSWER-abnormal structure or function present at birth -
congenital ex. atresia ani, cleft palate
metabolic disease - ANSWER-abnormality due to nutrition or hormonal activity that
alters metabolism ex. milk fever in dairy cows
neoplastic disease - ANSWER-abnormal growth of cells at expense of normal tissue
structure and function ex. lymphosarcoma, Marek's disease, both of which are
caused by viruses, so infectious diseases that have neoplastic elements
infectious disease - ANSWER-caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
parasites) that invade the body and damage normal structure and function ex. E.
coli diarrhea in pigs
very important role in livestock prod bc short lifespans and conditions animals are
raised in
traumatic/toxic disease - ANSWER-trauma = mechanical injury ex. broken bones
toxic = caused by an exogenous substance that gains access to the system and
damages normal structure, causing dysfunction ex. lead toxicity
pathogens that cause infectious disease - ANSWER-bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
bacteria - ANSWER-single-celled prokaryotic organisms capable of replicating
outside of the host, responsive to antibiotic drugs, but resistance has become an
issue
viruses - ANSWER-single-celled organisms contain some form of nucleic acid (DNA
and RNA), require host cell to replicate and not responsive to antibiotics
fungi - ANSWER-single-celled (yeast) or multicellular (aspergillus)
have cell-wall containing chitin (vs plants, whose cell walls contain cellulose)
parasites - ANSWER-unicellular (cryptosporidiosis) or multicellular (lice) and can
infect internally (coccidiosis) or externally (mange mites)
responsive to anthelmintic drugs ex. ivermectin
methods of infectious disease transmission - ANSWER-direct contact
fomites
vectors
infectious secretions/excretions ex. saliva, pus, feces, urine
, fomites - ANSWER-inanimate objects ex. shovels, boots, feed, water, or live passive
carriers ex. human hands contaminated w/Salmonella
vectors - ANSWER-invertebrate animals required for the agent life cycle and
transmission ex. mosquitoes to transmit and infect West Nile virus to a variety of
animal species
contagious disease - ANSWER-capable of being transmitted from animal to animal
by contact or close proximity
horizontal disease transmission - ANSWER-transmittance of disease b/w animals of
same generation
vertical disease transmission - ANSWER-occurs b/w animals of one generation to a
succeeding generation, can occur through in utero routes during gestation ex. PRRS
virus in swine production or via colostrum or milk ex. BLV
epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-host, agent, environment
interact in unique ways to produce disease ex. mycoplasma might be present in a
swine herd (agent), however, if a sufficient number of animals are immune to the
bacteria (host) and the barn is well ventilated (environment), there is a lower odd
of disease in the population
host factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-immune status - if animal didn't have
previous exposure to organisms such as through vaccination, natural exposure, or
through inheriting antibodies from colostrum, they have no lasting immunity and
are at an increased risk of disease
age
genetics
physiologic state ex. lactating animals more likely to contract metritis
production level ex. growth/lactation could predispose animal to certain diseases
nutrition status
agent factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-virulence determinants - some
strains more pathogenic than others ex. have certain surface receptors or produce
certain toxins
pathogen challenge - critical load of pathogen necessary to cause disease can vary,
depending on virulence of pathogen and animal immune status, environmental
factors such as heat and humidity can affect pathogen growth/challenege
environmental factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-temperature, humidity,
stocking density, environmental design, bedding/flooring, feeder design
can affect both pathogen load and host response to cause disease
necessary cause - ANSWER-concept that, w/out a certain factor, the disease can't
occur
- cause might not be enough on its own to produce disease, however disease can't
occur w/out it ex. E. coli is the necessary cause of colibacillosis in broiler chicks
Answers
what is the quality assurance program for dairy? - ANSWER-proAction program,
shows how farmers responsibly produce milk
made up of 6 modules - milk quality, food safety, animal care, livestock traceability,
biosecurity, environmental sustainability
cow-calf operations in Ontario - ANSWER-focus on raising calves to become beef
cattle
cows bred in summer, calve in spring, on pasture for 7-8 months, where
transitioned to a grain diet and sold to a feedlot
feedlots - ANSWER-calves arrive after weaning (~7-8 months old) weighing 500-
600lbs, fed diet high in corn for ~200d, sent for slaughter b/w 15-17 MOA or when
they reach b/w 1300-1500lbs
goal is to achieve fast and efficient lean muscle gain
quality assurance on beef farms - ANSWER-Verified Beef Production Plus (VBP+)
nationally applicable, voluntary
incorporates on-farm recording and auditing of beef farms, w/a specific focus on
animal care, biosecurity, environmental stewardship, food safety
how long is sow gestation? - ANSWER-115d
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 d
weaning pigs - ANSWER-2-4 woa, then moved to nursery area for 6-8 weeks,
where they are housed in groups
- Typically leave the facility when they reach 25kg
Most commonly exported group or sold to another producer/finisher
finishing pigs - ANSWER-Young animals (10 woa) housed in groups and fed a diet
high in corn and soybeans for 3-4 months
Considered finished/at market weight when they reach 110kg (6 months old), then
shipped to an abattoir for slaughter
quality assurance pigs - ANSWER-Canadian Pork Excellence program administered
by Canadian Pork Council
covers traceability (PigTrace), food safety (PigSafe), and animal care (PigCare)
on-farm records are inspected annually, site inspected every 3 years
3 pillars of supply management poultry industry - ANSWER-Import control - helps
determine how much industry needs to satisfy Canada's needs
Production planning - supply kept steady by determining how much is required
every quota period
,Producer pricing - negotiation of fair price based on production costs
Ensures producers receive fair return and have production costs covered
quality assurance poultry - ANSWER-each sector has a specific program that
involves on-farm inspection and audits to ensure they're meeting requirements
quality assurance sheep and goats - ANSWER-No mandatory programs, OSF
administers a number of voluntary flock health programs to ensure Ontario sheep
products are safely and responsibly produced
Goat industry doesn't follow industry-led quality assurance program, but must
adhere to food safety standards and regulations established by OMAFRA and CFIA
health management - ANSWER-promotion of health and prevention of disease in
animals within the economic/business framework of the animal owner/industry
- Holistic approach to health of populations of animals
health - ANSWER-state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity
five freedoms - ANSWER-1) hunger and thirst
2) Freedom from discomfort by providing and appropriate environment
3) Freedom from pain, injury, and disease by prevention or rapid diagnosis and
treatment
4) Freedom to express normal behaviour by providing sufficient space, proper
facilities, and appropriate company of the animals' own kind
5) Freedom from fear and distress by ensuring conditions and treatment which
avoid mental suffering
disease - ANSWER-Abnormality of structure or function w/an identifiable
pathological basis and recognizable clinical signs
subclinical disease - ANSWER-non-visible but measurable abnormalities in the
function of an animal ex. subclinical mastitis is presence of a bacterial infection of
the udder w/no other clinical signs
suboptimal production - ANSWER-below what's expected for that particular breed,
genetic line, industry, and/or farm ex. broiler chicks experiencing average daily
gains of 27.5 g/d when it should be 35g/d
suboptimal welfare - ANSWER-evaluated in context of the 5 freedoms ex. beef
operation doesn't employ pain control when castrating their bulls
name the six categories of disease - ANSWER-degenerative
anomalous
metabolic
neoplastic
infectious
traumatic/toxic
,degenerative disease - ANSWER-structure altered by age, use/disuse, or
biochemical changes ex. arthritis
anomalous disease - ANSWER-abnormal structure or function present at birth -
congenital ex. atresia ani, cleft palate
metabolic disease - ANSWER-abnormality due to nutrition or hormonal activity that
alters metabolism ex. milk fever in dairy cows
neoplastic disease - ANSWER-abnormal growth of cells at expense of normal tissue
structure and function ex. lymphosarcoma, Marek's disease, both of which are
caused by viruses, so infectious diseases that have neoplastic elements
infectious disease - ANSWER-caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses,
parasites) that invade the body and damage normal structure and function ex. E.
coli diarrhea in pigs
very important role in livestock prod bc short lifespans and conditions animals are
raised in
traumatic/toxic disease - ANSWER-trauma = mechanical injury ex. broken bones
toxic = caused by an exogenous substance that gains access to the system and
damages normal structure, causing dysfunction ex. lead toxicity
pathogens that cause infectious disease - ANSWER-bacteria
viruses
fungi
parasites
bacteria - ANSWER-single-celled prokaryotic organisms capable of replicating
outside of the host, responsive to antibiotic drugs, but resistance has become an
issue
viruses - ANSWER-single-celled organisms contain some form of nucleic acid (DNA
and RNA), require host cell to replicate and not responsive to antibiotics
fungi - ANSWER-single-celled (yeast) or multicellular (aspergillus)
have cell-wall containing chitin (vs plants, whose cell walls contain cellulose)
parasites - ANSWER-unicellular (cryptosporidiosis) or multicellular (lice) and can
infect internally (coccidiosis) or externally (mange mites)
responsive to anthelmintic drugs ex. ivermectin
methods of infectious disease transmission - ANSWER-direct contact
fomites
vectors
infectious secretions/excretions ex. saliva, pus, feces, urine
, fomites - ANSWER-inanimate objects ex. shovels, boots, feed, water, or live passive
carriers ex. human hands contaminated w/Salmonella
vectors - ANSWER-invertebrate animals required for the agent life cycle and
transmission ex. mosquitoes to transmit and infect West Nile virus to a variety of
animal species
contagious disease - ANSWER-capable of being transmitted from animal to animal
by contact or close proximity
horizontal disease transmission - ANSWER-transmittance of disease b/w animals of
same generation
vertical disease transmission - ANSWER-occurs b/w animals of one generation to a
succeeding generation, can occur through in utero routes during gestation ex. PRRS
virus in swine production or via colostrum or milk ex. BLV
epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-host, agent, environment
interact in unique ways to produce disease ex. mycoplasma might be present in a
swine herd (agent), however, if a sufficient number of animals are immune to the
bacteria (host) and the barn is well ventilated (environment), there is a lower odd
of disease in the population
host factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-immune status - if animal didn't have
previous exposure to organisms such as through vaccination, natural exposure, or
through inheriting antibodies from colostrum, they have no lasting immunity and
are at an increased risk of disease
age
genetics
physiologic state ex. lactating animals more likely to contract metritis
production level ex. growth/lactation could predispose animal to certain diseases
nutrition status
agent factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-virulence determinants - some
strains more pathogenic than others ex. have certain surface receptors or produce
certain toxins
pathogen challenge - critical load of pathogen necessary to cause disease can vary,
depending on virulence of pathogen and animal immune status, environmental
factors such as heat and humidity can affect pathogen growth/challenege
environmental factors of epidemiologic triad - ANSWER-temperature, humidity,
stocking density, environmental design, bedding/flooring, feeder design
can affect both pathogen load and host response to cause disease
necessary cause - ANSWER-concept that, w/out a certain factor, the disease can't
occur
- cause might not be enough on its own to produce disease, however disease can't
occur w/out it ex. E. coli is the necessary cause of colibacillosis in broiler chicks
