BSNC 2000 UPDATED FINAL EXAMS ALL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Insulin mechanism - ✔✔Anabolic
✔✔Glucagon mechanism - ✔✔Catabolism
✔✔Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔- Metabolic disorder that affects carbs, lipids and protein
metabolism
- Hyperglycemia
- Chronic, progressive disease
✔✔Type 1 Diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia caused by pancreatic B cell destruction and
absolute insulin deficiency
✔✔Causes of T1DM - ✔✔- Genetic
- Immunologic
- Environmental factors contributions
✔✔Type 2 Diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia that results from combination of insulin
resistance and insulin deficiency
✔✔Causes of T2DM - ✔✔- Genetic
,- Environmental factors
✔✔Insulin resistance - ✔✔- Target cells (muscle, liver, adipose tissue) are less
responsive to insulin
- Due to decrease in insulin receptor number or function
✔✔Risk factors for T1DM - ✔✔- Younger age
- Family history of T1DM or other autoimmune diseases
- Environmental risk factors (infection, gluten, vitamin D)
✔✔Risk factors of T2DM - ✔✔- Obesity
- Family hx
- Ethnicity
- Waist circumference
✔✔Prediabetes - ✔✔A condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal,
but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
✔✔Preventions of T2DM - ✔✔- Diet can be changed
- Exercise
- Therapy for insulin resistance
✔✔Antagonist of insulin - ✔✔Glucagon
✔✔Can older people be diagnosed with T1DM - ✔✔- Type 2 problem turn into beta cells
failing and not producing insulin turns type 1
✔✔Best treatment for type 1 diabetes - ✔✔Insulin
✔✔Clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Fatigue (cells not getting enough
nutrients and oxygen)=increased blood viscosity
- Blurred vision
- Weight gain
- Thirsty
- Urinating (polyuria)
✔✔Clinical manifestations of T1DM - ✔✔- Weight loss
- Muscle loss - Hunger -High ketones
✔✔Polyuria - ✔✔- Blood glucose levels are higher than normal and filtered glucose
exceeds capacity in tubular reabsorption
- Water pulled with glucose into urine
✔✔Nocturia - ✔✔Frequent urination at night
, ✔✔Glucosuria - ✔✔Loss of glucose in urine
✔✔Polydipsia - ✔✔Increased thirst
- Dehydration due to polyuria
- Hyperosmolarity of blood (more concentrated) due to hyperglycermia
✔✔Blurred vision and diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia can cause lens to swell
✔✔What is hyperglycemia associated with? - ✔✔- Increased hospital complications
- Longer length of stay
- High mortality
✔✔Long term complications of hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Kidney disease
- Atherosclerosis
✔✔Short term complications of hyperglycemia - ✔✔DKA for type 1 DM or
hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketonic syndrome for type 2 DM
✔✔Ways to take insulin - ✔✔- Syringe
- Pen
- Pump
- Inhaler
✔✔Signs of mild hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Sweating
- Tremors
- Tachycardia
Self treat
✔✔Signs of moderate hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Inability to concentrate
- Headache
- Light-headedness
- Confusion
- Slurred speech
Self treat
✔✔Signs of severe hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Disorientated behavior
- Seizures
- LOC
CNS impaired
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔- Patients who are unconscious or cannot swallow
- Available in IM/nasal spray/SQ
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Insulin mechanism - ✔✔Anabolic
✔✔Glucagon mechanism - ✔✔Catabolism
✔✔Diabetes mellitus - ✔✔- Metabolic disorder that affects carbs, lipids and protein
metabolism
- Hyperglycemia
- Chronic, progressive disease
✔✔Type 1 Diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia caused by pancreatic B cell destruction and
absolute insulin deficiency
✔✔Causes of T1DM - ✔✔- Genetic
- Immunologic
- Environmental factors contributions
✔✔Type 2 Diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia that results from combination of insulin
resistance and insulin deficiency
✔✔Causes of T2DM - ✔✔- Genetic
,- Environmental factors
✔✔Insulin resistance - ✔✔- Target cells (muscle, liver, adipose tissue) are less
responsive to insulin
- Due to decrease in insulin receptor number or function
✔✔Risk factors for T1DM - ✔✔- Younger age
- Family history of T1DM or other autoimmune diseases
- Environmental risk factors (infection, gluten, vitamin D)
✔✔Risk factors of T2DM - ✔✔- Obesity
- Family hx
- Ethnicity
- Waist circumference
✔✔Prediabetes - ✔✔A condition in which the blood sugar level is higher than normal,
but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes
✔✔Preventions of T2DM - ✔✔- Diet can be changed
- Exercise
- Therapy for insulin resistance
✔✔Antagonist of insulin - ✔✔Glucagon
✔✔Can older people be diagnosed with T1DM - ✔✔- Type 2 problem turn into beta cells
failing and not producing insulin turns type 1
✔✔Best treatment for type 1 diabetes - ✔✔Insulin
✔✔Clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Fatigue (cells not getting enough
nutrients and oxygen)=increased blood viscosity
- Blurred vision
- Weight gain
- Thirsty
- Urinating (polyuria)
✔✔Clinical manifestations of T1DM - ✔✔- Weight loss
- Muscle loss - Hunger -High ketones
✔✔Polyuria - ✔✔- Blood glucose levels are higher than normal and filtered glucose
exceeds capacity in tubular reabsorption
- Water pulled with glucose into urine
✔✔Nocturia - ✔✔Frequent urination at night
, ✔✔Glucosuria - ✔✔Loss of glucose in urine
✔✔Polydipsia - ✔✔Increased thirst
- Dehydration due to polyuria
- Hyperosmolarity of blood (more concentrated) due to hyperglycermia
✔✔Blurred vision and diabetes - ✔✔- Hyperglycemia can cause lens to swell
✔✔What is hyperglycemia associated with? - ✔✔- Increased hospital complications
- Longer length of stay
- High mortality
✔✔Long term complications of hyperglycemia - ✔✔- Retinopathy
- Neuropathy
- Kidney disease
- Atherosclerosis
✔✔Short term complications of hyperglycemia - ✔✔DKA for type 1 DM or
hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar non-ketonic syndrome for type 2 DM
✔✔Ways to take insulin - ✔✔- Syringe
- Pen
- Pump
- Inhaler
✔✔Signs of mild hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Sweating
- Tremors
- Tachycardia
Self treat
✔✔Signs of moderate hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Inability to concentrate
- Headache
- Light-headedness
- Confusion
- Slurred speech
Self treat
✔✔Signs of severe hypoglycemia - ✔✔- Disorientated behavior
- Seizures
- LOC
CNS impaired
✔✔Glucagon - ✔✔- Patients who are unconscious or cannot swallow
- Available in IM/nasal spray/SQ
