MBI 131 MIAMI UNIVERSITY
EXAM 2 WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+ (2026
LATEST)
Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines - answer--MMR (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine)
-VAR (varicella [chickenpox] vaccine)
-Zoster (Zostavax shingles vaccine)
-LAIV (nasal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine; Flu Mist)
-RV (RotaTeq & Rotarix rotavirus oral vaccines)
Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccines - answer--vaccine contains inactivated "dead"
microbes
-incapable of infecting the host
PROS:
safe--no chance of infection from the vaccine
IPV (Injected Polio Vaccine)
IIV (Inactivated Influenza Vaccine)
HepA (Hepatitis A vaccine)
Toxoids - answer-Vaccine that contains inactivated bacterial toxins
PROS:
safe--no chance of disease from vaccine
CONS:
,immunity to toxoids is short-lived
boosters required for life
DtaP, Tdap (Tetanus vaccine)
DtaP, Tdap (Diphtheria vaccine)
Acellular or Subunit Vaccine - answer-Vaccine contains purified microbial antigens
PROS:
safe--no chance of infection
HepB (hepatitis vaccine)
DtaP, Tdap (pertussis/whooping cough vaccine)
HPV4, HPV2 (human papillomavrius & cervical cancer vaccines)
PPSV23 (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine)
Conjugated Vaccines - answer-Vaccine contains sugars purified from bacterial surfaces
combined with a carrier molecule
PROS:
-safe--no chance of infection
-children < 18 months of age generally have a poor immune response to sugars
-combining the sugars with a carrier molecule induces a better immune response
Hib (Hemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccine)
PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine)
MCV4 (Meningococcal conjugate vaccine)
, Polio - answer--caused by poliovirus
-poliovirus is transmitted by food, water, contaminated hands, and fomites via the fecal-
oral route
-95-98% of polio cases are subclinical or cause "flu-like" illness
- mild cases or subclinical carriers shed poliovirus
- difficult to trace outbreaks to their sources
-2-5% of polio cases involve the nervous system and become paralytic
-can cause limb paralysis or respiratory paralysis
What is Polio? - answer--under poor sanitary & hygienic conditions, exposure to
poliovirus usually occurs during infancy, infants develop mild infections due to partial
immunity acquired from their mothers, and develop immunity
-before modern sanitation and hygienic, paralytic polio was very rare
-Polio increased in frequency and severity during the early 20th center due to modern
sanitation & hygiene
-exposure began to occur during childhood (or young adulthood) when paralytic polio is
more likely to occur
-immunity from mother is gone by childhood
-Polio outbreaks occurred frequently from 1916-early 1950s
-25-50% of polio survivors from 1950s epidemics suffer today from post-polio
syndrome: progressive muscle deterioration
-1954: Salk Vaccine (IPV, inactivated whole agent vaccine)
-1963: Sabin oral vaccine (OPV, attenuated whole agent vaccine)
-Polio considered "eliminated" in Western hemisphere & in developed countries
-Targeted for eradication worldwide (outbreaks still occur in several areas)
Sexually Transmitted Infections - answer--STI agents require environmental conditions
found inside the body (intimate contact required for transmission, can be spread by all
types of sexual contact)
-Infection with most STI agents does not lead to immunity
EXAM 2 WITH VERIFIED
ANSWERS GRADED A+ (2026
LATEST)
Attenuated Whole Agent Vaccines - answer--MMR (measles, mumps, rubella vaccine)
-VAR (varicella [chickenpox] vaccine)
-Zoster (Zostavax shingles vaccine)
-LAIV (nasal Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine; Flu Mist)
-RV (RotaTeq & Rotarix rotavirus oral vaccines)
Inactivated Whole Agent Vaccines - answer--vaccine contains inactivated "dead"
microbes
-incapable of infecting the host
PROS:
safe--no chance of infection from the vaccine
IPV (Injected Polio Vaccine)
IIV (Inactivated Influenza Vaccine)
HepA (Hepatitis A vaccine)
Toxoids - answer-Vaccine that contains inactivated bacterial toxins
PROS:
safe--no chance of disease from vaccine
CONS:
,immunity to toxoids is short-lived
boosters required for life
DtaP, Tdap (Tetanus vaccine)
DtaP, Tdap (Diphtheria vaccine)
Acellular or Subunit Vaccine - answer-Vaccine contains purified microbial antigens
PROS:
safe--no chance of infection
HepB (hepatitis vaccine)
DtaP, Tdap (pertussis/whooping cough vaccine)
HPV4, HPV2 (human papillomavrius & cervical cancer vaccines)
PPSV23 (pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine)
Conjugated Vaccines - answer-Vaccine contains sugars purified from bacterial surfaces
combined with a carrier molecule
PROS:
-safe--no chance of infection
-children < 18 months of age generally have a poor immune response to sugars
-combining the sugars with a carrier molecule induces a better immune response
Hib (Hemophilus influenzae B conjugate vaccine)
PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine)
MCV4 (Meningococcal conjugate vaccine)
, Polio - answer--caused by poliovirus
-poliovirus is transmitted by food, water, contaminated hands, and fomites via the fecal-
oral route
-95-98% of polio cases are subclinical or cause "flu-like" illness
- mild cases or subclinical carriers shed poliovirus
- difficult to trace outbreaks to their sources
-2-5% of polio cases involve the nervous system and become paralytic
-can cause limb paralysis or respiratory paralysis
What is Polio? - answer--under poor sanitary & hygienic conditions, exposure to
poliovirus usually occurs during infancy, infants develop mild infections due to partial
immunity acquired from their mothers, and develop immunity
-before modern sanitation and hygienic, paralytic polio was very rare
-Polio increased in frequency and severity during the early 20th center due to modern
sanitation & hygiene
-exposure began to occur during childhood (or young adulthood) when paralytic polio is
more likely to occur
-immunity from mother is gone by childhood
-Polio outbreaks occurred frequently from 1916-early 1950s
-25-50% of polio survivors from 1950s epidemics suffer today from post-polio
syndrome: progressive muscle deterioration
-1954: Salk Vaccine (IPV, inactivated whole agent vaccine)
-1963: Sabin oral vaccine (OPV, attenuated whole agent vaccine)
-Polio considered "eliminated" in Western hemisphere & in developed countries
-Targeted for eradication worldwide (outbreaks still occur in several areas)
Sexually Transmitted Infections - answer--STI agents require environmental conditions
found inside the body (intimate contact required for transmission, can be spread by all
types of sexual contact)
-Infection with most STI agents does not lead to immunity
