NSG 170 Exam 4 with 100% Correct
Answers
age, smoking/tobacco, infectious agents, genetic risk, exposure to
radiation/carcinogens, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, obesity - ANSWER-Individual
risk factors for cancer/altered cellular regulation
smoking is risk factor for 16 different types of cancers - ANSWER-At least 30% of all
cancer related deaths and 87% of all cancer deaths can be attributed to smoking
78% of new cancer diagnoses occur among those ages 55 years or older - ANSWER-
AGE
hepatitis B and C, HPV, H pylori - ANSWER-Virus
about 5% of cancers are linked to genetics, BRCA1 gene mutation that confers a 70%
lifetime risk of developing either breast or ovarian cancer - ANSWER-genetic
is responsable for increased risk of developing leukemia, breast, and thyroid cancer -
ANSWER-ionized radiation
- ANSWER-ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the main cause of melanoma and non
melanoma skin cancers(basal and squamous)
usually asymptomatic early ( usually stage 3 or 4 with onset of symptoms.) Most
common complaints are a lump, mass, or lesion, onset of new symptoms -unusual or
unexplained bleeding, pain, cough, m or fatigue, changes in body parts or body
functions - appetite, weight, mental status, swallowing or elimination)
-visible lesions
-physical asymmetry
-palpable masses
-presence of blood in stool or on pelvic exam - ANSWER-symptoms of a neoplasm
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness - ANSWER-Seven warning signs of cancer
, Avoidance of known or potential carcinogens. Primary Prevention: Risk factors can be
eliminated or reduced through behavior
modification, modification of the environment, vaccination, or treatment of
infections. Major risk reduction is possible through smoking cessation, avoiding
excessive sun exposure, participating in regular physical activity, and eating a
balanced diet. Another primary prevention strategy is prophylactic surgery for
individuals at risk. For example, a woman with the BRCA1 genetic marker has a
65% and 40% chance of developing breast and ovarian cancer, respectively. She
might elect to have a bilateral mastectomy and oophorectomy to prevent the
development of these two cancers.
. Examples are the increased incidence of cancer among adults who consume alcohol;
the association of a diet high in fat and low in fiber with colon cancer, breast cancer, and
ovarian cancer; and a greater incidence of cervi - ANSWER-primary prevention of
cancer
The goal of secondary prevention is early
disease detection so that prompt treatment can be initiated. Examples of common
screening tests for cancer include mammography for breast cancer, prostate-
specific antigen testing for prostate cancer, and colonoscopy and guaiac testing
for occult blood in the stool for colon cancer.
• The choice of annual mammography for women 40 to 44 years of age, annual
mammography for women 45 to 54 years of age, and annual or biennial mammography
for women over 55 years of age
• Annual clinical breast examination for women older than 40 years; every 3 years for
women age 20 to 39 years.
• Colonoscopy at age 50 years and then every 10 years
• Annual fecal occult blood for adults of all ages
• Digital rectal examination (DRE) for men older than 50 years - ANSWER-secondary
prevention
normal PLT: 150,000-450,000
• Increase risk for serious bleeding
• Nose and gums common sites of bleeding
• Bruising easily
• Increased menstrual flow
• Rectal bleeding
• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Platelet infusions
• Avoid IM injections
• Reduction in circulating platelets. • During the period of greatest bone marrow
suppression (the nadir), the platelet count may be less than 10,000/mm3 (10 × 109/L).
The patient is at extreme risk for bleeding once the platelet count falls below
50,000/mm3 (50 × 109/L), and spontaneous bleeding may occur when the count is
lower than 20,000/mm3 (Call rapid response if pt is symptomatic.
Answers
age, smoking/tobacco, infectious agents, genetic risk, exposure to
radiation/carcinogens, poor nutrition, sedentary lifestyle, obesity - ANSWER-Individual
risk factors for cancer/altered cellular regulation
smoking is risk factor for 16 different types of cancers - ANSWER-At least 30% of all
cancer related deaths and 87% of all cancer deaths can be attributed to smoking
78% of new cancer diagnoses occur among those ages 55 years or older - ANSWER-
AGE
hepatitis B and C, HPV, H pylori - ANSWER-Virus
about 5% of cancers are linked to genetics, BRCA1 gene mutation that confers a 70%
lifetime risk of developing either breast or ovarian cancer - ANSWER-genetic
is responsable for increased risk of developing leukemia, breast, and thyroid cancer -
ANSWER-ionized radiation
- ANSWER-ultraviolet radiation from the sun is the main cause of melanoma and non
melanoma skin cancers(basal and squamous)
usually asymptomatic early ( usually stage 3 or 4 with onset of symptoms.) Most
common complaints are a lump, mass, or lesion, onset of new symptoms -unusual or
unexplained bleeding, pain, cough, m or fatigue, changes in body parts or body
functions - appetite, weight, mental status, swallowing or elimination)
-visible lesions
-physical asymmetry
-palpable masses
-presence of blood in stool or on pelvic exam - ANSWER-symptoms of a neoplasm
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart or mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness - ANSWER-Seven warning signs of cancer
, Avoidance of known or potential carcinogens. Primary Prevention: Risk factors can be
eliminated or reduced through behavior
modification, modification of the environment, vaccination, or treatment of
infections. Major risk reduction is possible through smoking cessation, avoiding
excessive sun exposure, participating in regular physical activity, and eating a
balanced diet. Another primary prevention strategy is prophylactic surgery for
individuals at risk. For example, a woman with the BRCA1 genetic marker has a
65% and 40% chance of developing breast and ovarian cancer, respectively. She
might elect to have a bilateral mastectomy and oophorectomy to prevent the
development of these two cancers.
. Examples are the increased incidence of cancer among adults who consume alcohol;
the association of a diet high in fat and low in fiber with colon cancer, breast cancer, and
ovarian cancer; and a greater incidence of cervi - ANSWER-primary prevention of
cancer
The goal of secondary prevention is early
disease detection so that prompt treatment can be initiated. Examples of common
screening tests for cancer include mammography for breast cancer, prostate-
specific antigen testing for prostate cancer, and colonoscopy and guaiac testing
for occult blood in the stool for colon cancer.
• The choice of annual mammography for women 40 to 44 years of age, annual
mammography for women 45 to 54 years of age, and annual or biennial mammography
for women over 55 years of age
• Annual clinical breast examination for women older than 40 years; every 3 years for
women age 20 to 39 years.
• Colonoscopy at age 50 years and then every 10 years
• Annual fecal occult blood for adults of all ages
• Digital rectal examination (DRE) for men older than 50 years - ANSWER-secondary
prevention
normal PLT: 150,000-450,000
• Increase risk for serious bleeding
• Nose and gums common sites of bleeding
• Bruising easily
• Increased menstrual flow
• Rectal bleeding
• Hematuria (blood in urine)
• Platelet infusions
• Avoid IM injections
• Reduction in circulating platelets. • During the period of greatest bone marrow
suppression (the nadir), the platelet count may be less than 10,000/mm3 (10 × 109/L).
The patient is at extreme risk for bleeding once the platelet count falls below
50,000/mm3 (50 × 109/L), and spontaneous bleeding may occur when the count is
lower than 20,000/mm3 (Call rapid response if pt is symptomatic.
