Gas Exchange Perfusion Test NSG
170-Graded A
eupnea - ANSWER-normal respiratory rate
newborn breathing rate - ANSWER-30-80 breaths per minute
infants breathing rate - ANSWER-30-60 breaths per minute
toddlers breathing rate - ANSWER-20-40 breaths per minute
preschoolers breathing rate - ANSWER-22-34 breaths per minute
school age children breathing rate - ANSWER-15-25 breaths per minute
adolescents/adults breathing rate - ANSWER-12-20 breaths per minute
older adults breathing rate - ANSWER-15-20 breaths per minute
half - ANSWER-inspiration is ______ the rate of expiration
visceral pleura - ANSWER-covers surface of each lung
parietal pleura - ANSWER-lines inside of chest wall
pleural space - ANSWER-region between the parietal and visceral pleura
bronchial sounds - ANSWER-loud, high pitched, heard over trachea
-longer on exhalation than inhalation
bronchovesicular sounds - ANSWER-medium in loudness and pitch, heard on each side
of the stream and between the scapulae
-each in duration over inhalation and exhalation
vesicular sounds - ANSWER-soft, low pitched heard over peripheral lunch fields
-longer in inhalation than exhalation
-most prominently heard over lung bases
V-Q ratio - ANSWER-represents the movement of O2 across the alveolar-capillary
membrane into capillary
,level of CO2 - ANSWER-drive to breathe depends on this, when this rises, receptor
sites in the medulla and pons stimulate an increase in rate and/or depth of ventilation
aortic arch and carotid arteries - ANSWER-receptors sites in these locations monitor O2
levels, and induce inspiration when levels fall below normal
concentration of H+ in arterial blood (pH) - ANSWER-respiration drive stimulated by this
CO2 and H+ - ANSWER--increased H+ -> increased CO2 and pH decreased)
-decreased H+ -> decreased CO2 and pH increased
kussmal breathing - ANSWER-Deep, rapid exhalations increased elimination of CO2
affecting acid-base balance, occurs in metabolic acidosis (fruity acetone breath)
cheyne-stokes respirations - ANSWER-deep, rapid breathing and slow, shallow
breathing with periods of apnea , occurs in congestive heart failure, increased
intracranial pressure (ICP), and drug overdoses
biot respirations - ANSWER-shallow, irregular breathing with periods of apnea, occur in
CNS disorders
pneumothorax - ANSWER-air enters into the pleural space causing loss of negative
pressure necessary to produce lung expansion for inhalation, air may enter thru opening
in chest wall or opening in lung, causing lung collapse
signs and symptoms of pneumothorax - ANSWER--sudden sharp pleuritic pain,
worsened by breathing and coughing
-decreased or absent breathing sounds over the affected side
-asymmetrical chest wall movement
-SOB
-cyanosis
tension pneumothorax - ANSWER-results from trauma / injury (life threatening
emergency)
spontaneous pneumothorax - ANSWER-occurs from unknown cause
possible causes of pneumothorax - ANSWER--ruptured BLEB (COPD)
-needle stab from thoracentesis
-trauma
-secondary infection
(diagnosed by X-rays and ABG's)
treatment for pneumothorax - ANSWER-chest tube o2
possible causes of dyspnea (6 P's) - ANSWER--Pulmonary bronchial constriction
, -Possible foreign body
-Pulmonary embolus
-Pneumothorax
-Pneumonia
-Pump (heart) failure
population at a high risk for respiratory disorders - ANSWER--children <1 year of age
-older adults
risk factors for respiratory/oxygenation disorders - ANSWER--significant inherited
pattern of variation in hemoglobin concentration (hematocrit has a lower genetic effect)
-women: lower concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (mensuration and
pregnancy)
modifiable risk factors for decreased oxygenation - ANSWER--heart: hypertension and
atherosclerosis
-obesity
-T2D
-smoking
-stress/anxiety
nicotine replacement therapy - ANSWER--patches, lozenges, gum, oral inhalers, nasal
spray
-combined w behavioral counseling increases the likelihood of abstinence from smoking
-increased mucus production
-reduced cilia action in airway passages - ANSWER-tobacco smoke exposure can
cause this...
signs of hypoxia - ANSWER--restlessness, irritability, unexplained sudden confusion
-rapid heart and respiratory rate
SaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-% of O2 bound to hemoglobin
PaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-% of O2 dissolved in blood serum
CaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-normally 35-45 mmHg
-hypercarbia (hypercapnia): Co2 >45 mmHg
-hypocarbia (hypocapnia): Co2 <35 mmHg
normal pH of blood - ANSWER-7.35-7.45
Dx tests for pulmonary dysfunction - ANSWER--sputum specimen
-ABGs
-pulse ox (should be >95)
-PFTs (incentive spirometry and peak expiatory flow rate (PEFR))
170-Graded A
eupnea - ANSWER-normal respiratory rate
newborn breathing rate - ANSWER-30-80 breaths per minute
infants breathing rate - ANSWER-30-60 breaths per minute
toddlers breathing rate - ANSWER-20-40 breaths per minute
preschoolers breathing rate - ANSWER-22-34 breaths per minute
school age children breathing rate - ANSWER-15-25 breaths per minute
adolescents/adults breathing rate - ANSWER-12-20 breaths per minute
older adults breathing rate - ANSWER-15-20 breaths per minute
half - ANSWER-inspiration is ______ the rate of expiration
visceral pleura - ANSWER-covers surface of each lung
parietal pleura - ANSWER-lines inside of chest wall
pleural space - ANSWER-region between the parietal and visceral pleura
bronchial sounds - ANSWER-loud, high pitched, heard over trachea
-longer on exhalation than inhalation
bronchovesicular sounds - ANSWER-medium in loudness and pitch, heard on each side
of the stream and between the scapulae
-each in duration over inhalation and exhalation
vesicular sounds - ANSWER-soft, low pitched heard over peripheral lunch fields
-longer in inhalation than exhalation
-most prominently heard over lung bases
V-Q ratio - ANSWER-represents the movement of O2 across the alveolar-capillary
membrane into capillary
,level of CO2 - ANSWER-drive to breathe depends on this, when this rises, receptor
sites in the medulla and pons stimulate an increase in rate and/or depth of ventilation
aortic arch and carotid arteries - ANSWER-receptors sites in these locations monitor O2
levels, and induce inspiration when levels fall below normal
concentration of H+ in arterial blood (pH) - ANSWER-respiration drive stimulated by this
CO2 and H+ - ANSWER--increased H+ -> increased CO2 and pH decreased)
-decreased H+ -> decreased CO2 and pH increased
kussmal breathing - ANSWER-Deep, rapid exhalations increased elimination of CO2
affecting acid-base balance, occurs in metabolic acidosis (fruity acetone breath)
cheyne-stokes respirations - ANSWER-deep, rapid breathing and slow, shallow
breathing with periods of apnea , occurs in congestive heart failure, increased
intracranial pressure (ICP), and drug overdoses
biot respirations - ANSWER-shallow, irregular breathing with periods of apnea, occur in
CNS disorders
pneumothorax - ANSWER-air enters into the pleural space causing loss of negative
pressure necessary to produce lung expansion for inhalation, air may enter thru opening
in chest wall or opening in lung, causing lung collapse
signs and symptoms of pneumothorax - ANSWER--sudden sharp pleuritic pain,
worsened by breathing and coughing
-decreased or absent breathing sounds over the affected side
-asymmetrical chest wall movement
-SOB
-cyanosis
tension pneumothorax - ANSWER-results from trauma / injury (life threatening
emergency)
spontaneous pneumothorax - ANSWER-occurs from unknown cause
possible causes of pneumothorax - ANSWER--ruptured BLEB (COPD)
-needle stab from thoracentesis
-trauma
-secondary infection
(diagnosed by X-rays and ABG's)
treatment for pneumothorax - ANSWER-chest tube o2
possible causes of dyspnea (6 P's) - ANSWER--Pulmonary bronchial constriction
, -Possible foreign body
-Pulmonary embolus
-Pneumothorax
-Pneumonia
-Pump (heart) failure
population at a high risk for respiratory disorders - ANSWER--children <1 year of age
-older adults
risk factors for respiratory/oxygenation disorders - ANSWER--significant inherited
pattern of variation in hemoglobin concentration (hematocrit has a lower genetic effect)
-women: lower concentrations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (mensuration and
pregnancy)
modifiable risk factors for decreased oxygenation - ANSWER--heart: hypertension and
atherosclerosis
-obesity
-T2D
-smoking
-stress/anxiety
nicotine replacement therapy - ANSWER--patches, lozenges, gum, oral inhalers, nasal
spray
-combined w behavioral counseling increases the likelihood of abstinence from smoking
-increased mucus production
-reduced cilia action in airway passages - ANSWER-tobacco smoke exposure can
cause this...
signs of hypoxia - ANSWER--restlessness, irritability, unexplained sudden confusion
-rapid heart and respiratory rate
SaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-% of O2 bound to hemoglobin
PaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-% of O2 dissolved in blood serum
CaO2 (type of ABG) - ANSWER-normally 35-45 mmHg
-hypercarbia (hypercapnia): Co2 >45 mmHg
-hypocarbia (hypocapnia): Co2 <35 mmHg
normal pH of blood - ANSWER-7.35-7.45
Dx tests for pulmonary dysfunction - ANSWER--sputum specimen
-ABGs
-pulse ox (should be >95)
-PFTs (incentive spirometry and peak expiatory flow rate (PEFR))
