IVYTECH APHY 102 FINAL EXAMS ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pancreas hormones - ✔✔Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon
and insulin
✔✔pineal gland hormone - ✔✔Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
rhythms
✔✔Thymus Gland Hormones - ✔✔Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T
lymphocytes
✔✔How are glucagon and insulin alike? - ✔✔Both work to keep blood glucose
concentration constant
✔✔How are glucagon and insulin different? - ✔✔Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from
glucose
, ✔✔How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔Diabetes insipitus - a
person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no
insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
✔✔How are pheromones different than hormones? - ✔✔Pheromones are a type of
hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction
between people.
✔✔How does aging affect the endocrine system? - ✔✔As people get older, their
endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin
levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
✔✔Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - ✔✔Blood is about 8% of
body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
✔✔Describe the different formed elements and their origins - ✔✔RBCs originate in red
bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which then differentiate in a process
called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the
size of a RBC.
✔✔Compare the formed elements of the blood. - ✔✔RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
✔✔What are normal levels and percentages of RBC - ✔✔4,600,000-6,200,000 in
males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
✔✔How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function? - ✔✔It allows them to
squeeze through vessel walls and transport oxygen to tissues
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Pancreas hormones - ✔✔Glucagon - stimulates liver to break down glycogen into
glucose
Insulin - stimulates the liver to form glycogen from glucose
Somatostatin - helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of glucagon
and insulin
✔✔pineal gland hormone - ✔✔Melatonin - made from serotonin and regulates circadian
rhythms
✔✔Thymus Gland Hormones - ✔✔Thymosins - affect production and differentiation of T
lymphocytes
✔✔How are glucagon and insulin alike? - ✔✔Both work to keep blood glucose
concentration constant
✔✔How are glucagon and insulin different? - ✔✔Glucagon stimulates the liver to break
down glycogen into glucose and insulin promotes the formation of glycogen from
glucose
, ✔✔How is diabetes insipitus different from diabetes mellitus? - ✔✔Diabetes insipitus - a
person is insatiably thirsty and has large amounts of urine output
Diabetes mellitus - two types (type 1 and type 2). Type 1 occurs when body makes no
insulin. Type 2 occurs when the body reaches insulin resistance
✔✔How are pheromones different than hormones? - ✔✔Pheromones are a type of
hormone that are released in small quantities and play a big role in physical attraction
between people.
✔✔How does aging affect the endocrine system? - ✔✔As people get older, their
endocrine glands decrease in size, muscular strength decreases as GH levels
decrease, ADH levels increase due to slower breakdown in liver & kidneys. Calcitonin
levels decrease, and insulin resistance may develop.
✔✔Describe normal blood: number of each cell type, pH. - ✔✔Blood is about 8% of
body weight. Adult blood volume is about 5 L.
RBC count is usually 4,600,000-6,200,000 in males, 4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
WBC are usually 5,000-10,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Platelets are usually 130,000-360,000 per cubic mm of blood.
Normal blood pH is around 7.4.
✔✔Describe the different formed elements and their origins - ✔✔RBCs originate in red
bone marrow from hemocytoblasts (stem cells) which then differentiate in a process
called hematopoiesis.
WBCs are called leukocytes and are split into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Platelets are cell fragments of megakaryocytes; they lack a nucleus and are half the
size of a RBC.
✔✔Compare the formed elements of the blood. - ✔✔RBCs, WBCs, and platelets all act
together to maintain life. RBCs transport oxygen to the body's tissues, WBCs fight
infections in the body, and platelets clot wounds that occur.
✔✔What are normal levels and percentages of RBC - ✔✔4,600,000-6,200,000 in
males.
4,200,000-5,400,000 in females.
4,500,000-5,100,000 in children.
RBCs are 45% of the blood.
✔✔How is the shape of a red blood cell important to its function? - ✔✔It allows them to
squeeze through vessel walls and transport oxygen to tissues
