SHS 250 Exam #1 Questions with correct answers
phoneme - ✔✔the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between
morphemes
morpheme - ✔✔minimal unit of meaning
vowel reduction - ✔✔occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the
dotted line, usually moving one step in progression centrally
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs
diphthong - ✔✔employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to
another
allophone - ✔✔variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
complementary distribution - ✔✔rules based on the phonetic environment. 2
allophones will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones
occur in mutually exclusive environments. Can be predicted
free variation - ✔✔random; allophones can occur in the same environment
coarticulation - ✔✔when a sound is produced differently because of the influence
of sounds in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
, Assimilation - ✔✔the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on
characteristics of neighboring sounds, becoming similar
spreading/shingling - ✔✔as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds,
'coloring' them ex: input > imput
blending - ✔✔as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in
which a hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
Anticipatory assimilation - ✔✔most common in English; occurs when a sound is
altered in anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
retentive (regressive assimilation) - ✔✔a sound retains characteristics of a sound
that has preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel)
broad transcription - ✔✔general detail; usually one symbol
narrow transcription - ✔✔fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of
target and variations in production (diacritics)
phonetic transcription - ✔✔the identification of allophones
phonemic transcription - ✔✔the identification of phonemes
phoneme - ✔✔the smallest unit of sound that can distinguish between
morphemes
morpheme - ✔✔minimal unit of meaning
vowel reduction - ✔✔occurs in unstressed syllables; vowel reduces along the
dotted line, usually moving one step in progression centrally
ex: /i/ to "i" in bit
diphthongs reduce to monophthongs
diphthong - ✔✔employs a gradual transition from one vowel-like sound to
another
allophone - ✔✔variation of a phoneme which does not change meaning
complementary distribution - ✔✔rules based on the phonetic environment. 2
allophones will not occur in the same phonetic environment; the allophones
occur in mutually exclusive environments. Can be predicted
free variation - ✔✔random; allophones can occur in the same environment
coarticulation - ✔✔when a sound is produced differently because of the influence
of sounds in its phonetic context (neighborhood)
ex: key /ki/, k /k/, cow (rounded back vowel)
, Assimilation - ✔✔the change of a sound segment whereby it takes on
characteristics of neighboring sounds, becoming similar
spreading/shingling - ✔✔as if the characteristics permeate nearby sounds,
'coloring' them ex: input > imput
blending - ✔✔as if the proximity of 2 sounds to each other creates a fusion, in
which a hybrid sound is created (also called co-production) ex: ASU
Anticipatory assimilation - ✔✔most common in English; occurs when a sound is
altered in anticipation of the sound to follow ex: gang (velar n)
retentive (regressive assimilation) - ✔✔a sound retains characteristics of a sound
that has preceded it ex: me (nasalized vowel)
broad transcription - ✔✔general detail; usually one symbol
narrow transcription - ✔✔fine detail, more than one symbol; representation of
target and variations in production (diacritics)
phonetic transcription - ✔✔the identification of allophones
phonemic transcription - ✔✔the identification of phonemes
