PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW PART 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING REVIEW
Catabolic- break down Anabolic- build up - ANS ✔✔What do catabolic and anabolic reactions
do?
Catabolic- Glycolysis, KREBS Anabolic- ATP Formation, protein synthesis - ANS ✔✔What are
examples of catabolic and anabolic reactions?
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.
Isomerase - ANS ✔✔What is glycolysis and what enzyme is responsible for step 5?
high; low - ANS ✔✔In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are________. In secondary
hypothyroidism TSH levels are ______?
Iodine - ANS ✔✔What is necessary for thyroid hormone production?
Myexedematous coma - ANS ✔✔What condition is most common in elderly women with
chronic hypothyroidism?
Hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia - ANS ✔✔What are the 5
mechanisms of cell adaptation?
Kidney after loss of one kidney OR uterus during pregnancy - ANS ✔✔Example of compensatory
hypertrophy
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔Which cellular adaptation has the potential to progress into cancer?
,Icterus; endogenous - ANS ✔✔What is another name for jaundice and which kind of
intracellular accumulation is involved?
Von Gierke's - ANS ✔✔Which disorder is due to a lack of glucose-6-phosphotase enzyme? (Hint:
this would affect glycogen storage)
Possible answers: Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's Disease, Polycystic Kidney Disease,
Neurofibromatosis - ANS ✔✔Name two autosomal dominant disorders
the most common lethal genetic disorder among caucasians in the U.S. that is due to a defect in
the chloride ion channel causing abnormally thick mucus - ANS ✔✔What is cystic fibrosis? Who
does it affect and what issue causes it?
X-linked disorder - ANS ✔✔What is hemophilia an example of?
Benign- well-differentiated cells in one mass
Malignant- less differentiated cells with the potential to metastisize - ANS ✔✔What is the
difference between benign and malignant?
Initiation- where a cell is exposed to a carcinogenic agent causing DNA damage and cell
mutation. 2) Promotion- the activation of oncogenes by promoter agent and more mutated cells
are produced. 3) Progression- when a malignant tumor develops - ANS ✔✔What are the three
processes of cancer development? Describe them.
protects the body from fungi, parasites, viruses, cancer, and transplants through the use of T
cells - ANS ✔✔What does the cell-mediated immune response do?
false - ANS ✔✔T cells and antibodies participate in current invasion. True or false?
,artificial active - ANS ✔✔A vaccination is an example of which type of immunity?
Antigen neutralization, immobilization, agglutination/precipitation, complement activation, and
phagocytosis enhancement - ANS ✔✔What are three of the five actions of antibodies?
Respiratory, GI, neurological, Kaposi sarcoma, and wasting syndrome - ANS ✔✔What are the
five types of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?
Starling's Hypothesis of Filtration - ANS ✔✔What is the theory that states the amount of
filtration will be approximate to the amount of reabsorption?
BHP-pushes water out of the capillaries (filtration),
BCOP-pulls water into capillaries(reabsorption), IFHP-pushes water into capillaries(R), IFOP-pulls
water into interstitial space(F) - ANS ✔✔What do BHP, BCOP, IFHP, and IFOP do? Which ones are
filtration and which are reabsorption?
Increased BHP, Decreased BCOP, Increased Capillary Permeability, and Lymphatic Obstruction -
ANS ✔✔What are the four things that cause edema?
Low P wave, widened QRS complex, and peaked T waves. - ANS ✔✔What would you expect to
see in an EKG of a patient with hyperkalemia?
7.21; since the CO2 levels are high and HCO3 are low, the patient is suffering from respiratory
acidosis with no metabolic compensation - ANS ✔✔Calculate the pH of a patient whose ABGs
are as follows: CO2 of 52 and HCO3 of 20. What do these levels suggest?
Left ventricular hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔What is due to increased workload on the heart and is a
risk factor for ischemic heart disease, CHF, dysrhythmias, and renal insufficiency?
, Atherosclerosis - ANS ✔✔What is the leading cause of Coronary Artery Disease?
Vasogenic-increased ECF
Cytotoxic-increased ICF - ANS ✔✔What are the two types of cerebral edema and what causes
them?
Large waistline, low HDL, high triglyceride level, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood
sugar as well as all corresponding medications - ANS ✔✔What are the five risk factors of
metabolic syndrome?
Atelectasis - ANS ✔✔What is the incomplete expansion of the lung or a portion of the lung and
is most commonly due to obstruction but can result from pleural effusion?
Two copies of RNA, a capsid protein (p24), and three viral enzymes (protease, transcriptase, and
integrase) - ANS ✔✔What does the HIV virus contain?
True - ANS ✔✔NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Select one:
True
False
6 - ANS ✔✔For every single molecule of glucose, how many NADH molecules are produced
from Krebs cycle?
Select one:
a. 4
b. 2
c. 10
d. 6
2026/2027 | COMPREHENSIVE NURSING REVIEW
Catabolic- break down Anabolic- build up - ANS ✔✔What do catabolic and anabolic reactions
do?
Catabolic- Glycolysis, KREBS Anabolic- ATP Formation, protein synthesis - ANS ✔✔What are
examples of catabolic and anabolic reactions?
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvic acid.
Isomerase - ANS ✔✔What is glycolysis and what enzyme is responsible for step 5?
high; low - ANS ✔✔In primary hypothyroidism, TSH levels are________. In secondary
hypothyroidism TSH levels are ______?
Iodine - ANS ✔✔What is necessary for thyroid hormone production?
Myexedematous coma - ANS ✔✔What condition is most common in elderly women with
chronic hypothyroidism?
Hypertrophy, atrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia - ANS ✔✔What are the 5
mechanisms of cell adaptation?
Kidney after loss of one kidney OR uterus during pregnancy - ANS ✔✔Example of compensatory
hypertrophy
dysplasia - ANS ✔✔Which cellular adaptation has the potential to progress into cancer?
,Icterus; endogenous - ANS ✔✔What is another name for jaundice and which kind of
intracellular accumulation is involved?
Von Gierke's - ANS ✔✔Which disorder is due to a lack of glucose-6-phosphotase enzyme? (Hint:
this would affect glycogen storage)
Possible answers: Marfan Syndrome, Huntington's Disease, Polycystic Kidney Disease,
Neurofibromatosis - ANS ✔✔Name two autosomal dominant disorders
the most common lethal genetic disorder among caucasians in the U.S. that is due to a defect in
the chloride ion channel causing abnormally thick mucus - ANS ✔✔What is cystic fibrosis? Who
does it affect and what issue causes it?
X-linked disorder - ANS ✔✔What is hemophilia an example of?
Benign- well-differentiated cells in one mass
Malignant- less differentiated cells with the potential to metastisize - ANS ✔✔What is the
difference between benign and malignant?
Initiation- where a cell is exposed to a carcinogenic agent causing DNA damage and cell
mutation. 2) Promotion- the activation of oncogenes by promoter agent and more mutated cells
are produced. 3) Progression- when a malignant tumor develops - ANS ✔✔What are the three
processes of cancer development? Describe them.
protects the body from fungi, parasites, viruses, cancer, and transplants through the use of T
cells - ANS ✔✔What does the cell-mediated immune response do?
false - ANS ✔✔T cells and antibodies participate in current invasion. True or false?
,artificial active - ANS ✔✔A vaccination is an example of which type of immunity?
Antigen neutralization, immobilization, agglutination/precipitation, complement activation, and
phagocytosis enhancement - ANS ✔✔What are three of the five actions of antibodies?
Respiratory, GI, neurological, Kaposi sarcoma, and wasting syndrome - ANS ✔✔What are the
five types of opportunistic infections associated with AIDS?
Starling's Hypothesis of Filtration - ANS ✔✔What is the theory that states the amount of
filtration will be approximate to the amount of reabsorption?
BHP-pushes water out of the capillaries (filtration),
BCOP-pulls water into capillaries(reabsorption), IFHP-pushes water into capillaries(R), IFOP-pulls
water into interstitial space(F) - ANS ✔✔What do BHP, BCOP, IFHP, and IFOP do? Which ones are
filtration and which are reabsorption?
Increased BHP, Decreased BCOP, Increased Capillary Permeability, and Lymphatic Obstruction -
ANS ✔✔What are the four things that cause edema?
Low P wave, widened QRS complex, and peaked T waves. - ANS ✔✔What would you expect to
see in an EKG of a patient with hyperkalemia?
7.21; since the CO2 levels are high and HCO3 are low, the patient is suffering from respiratory
acidosis with no metabolic compensation - ANS ✔✔Calculate the pH of a patient whose ABGs
are as follows: CO2 of 52 and HCO3 of 20. What do these levels suggest?
Left ventricular hypertrophy - ANS ✔✔What is due to increased workload on the heart and is a
risk factor for ischemic heart disease, CHF, dysrhythmias, and renal insufficiency?
, Atherosclerosis - ANS ✔✔What is the leading cause of Coronary Artery Disease?
Vasogenic-increased ECF
Cytotoxic-increased ICF - ANS ✔✔What are the two types of cerebral edema and what causes
them?
Large waistline, low HDL, high triglyceride level, high blood pressure, and high fasting blood
sugar as well as all corresponding medications - ANS ✔✔What are the five risk factors of
metabolic syndrome?
Atelectasis - ANS ✔✔What is the incomplete expansion of the lung or a portion of the lung and
is most commonly due to obstruction but can result from pleural effusion?
Two copies of RNA, a capsid protein (p24), and three viral enzymes (protease, transcriptase, and
integrase) - ANS ✔✔What does the HIV virus contain?
True - ANS ✔✔NAD+ is reduced to NADH
Select one:
True
False
6 - ANS ✔✔For every single molecule of glucose, how many NADH molecules are produced
from Krebs cycle?
Select one:
a. 4
b. 2
c. 10
d. 6
