Transitional cell carcinoma typical location of origin
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renal calyx/pelvis, ureter, bladder
Decreased vitamin D decreases serum Ca by
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→ decreasing 1,25 Vit D3 → decrease intestinal Ca absorption
Mannitol clinical uses
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drug overdose, increased intracranial/intraocular pressure
filtered load equation (mg/min)
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GFR (ml/min) x plasma concentration (mg/ml)
cystine kidney stones urine crystal morphology
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hexagonal
kidney stones treatment
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fluid intake
,What type of drugs are SGLT2 inhibitors?
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-flozin drugs
Extracellular fluid makes up 1/3 of TBW. What percent of the ECF is interstitial fluid?
What percent is plasma?
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Interstitial fluid= 75% (10.5 kg)
Plasma=25% (3.5 kg)
hyperkalemia clinical presentation
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EKG
-wide QRS
-peaked T waves → can get sine waves
arrhythmias
muscle weakness
how is H2O reabsorbed in the collecting tubule?
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, aquaporins, increased by ADH which acts via V2 receptors (blood side)
Insertion of aquaporin channels on apical side
Diabetic glomerulonephropathy light microscope morphology
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mesangial expansion, GBM thickening, eosinophilic nodular
glomerulosclerosis
Excess cortisol in these cells due to enzyme deficiency (11 b-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase) →
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→ mineralocorticoid receptor activity → hypertension, hypokalemia,
metabolic alkalosis
Have low serum aldosterone levels
If pH >7.45 (alkalemia) what should you next look at?
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PCO2 and HCO3
Give this one a try later!
renal calyx/pelvis, ureter, bladder
Decreased vitamin D decreases serum Ca by
Give this one a try later!
→ decreasing 1,25 Vit D3 → decrease intestinal Ca absorption
Mannitol clinical uses
,Give this one a try later!
drug overdose, increased intracranial/intraocular pressure
filtered load equation (mg/min)
Give this one a try later!
GFR (ml/min) x plasma concentration (mg/ml)
cystine kidney stones urine crystal morphology
Give this one a try later!
hexagonal
kidney stones treatment
Give this one a try later!
fluid intake
,What type of drugs are SGLT2 inhibitors?
Give this one a try later!
-flozin drugs
Extracellular fluid makes up 1/3 of TBW. What percent of the ECF is interstitial fluid?
What percent is plasma?
Give this one a try later!
Interstitial fluid= 75% (10.5 kg)
Plasma=25% (3.5 kg)
hyperkalemia clinical presentation
Give this one a try later!
EKG
-wide QRS
-peaked T waves → can get sine waves
arrhythmias
muscle weakness
how is H2O reabsorbed in the collecting tubule?
Give this one a try later!
, aquaporins, increased by ADH which acts via V2 receptors (blood side)
Insertion of aquaporin channels on apical side
Diabetic glomerulonephropathy light microscope morphology
Give this one a try later!
mesangial expansion, GBM thickening, eosinophilic nodular
glomerulosclerosis
Excess cortisol in these cells due to enzyme deficiency (11 b-hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase) →
Give this one a try later!
→ mineralocorticoid receptor activity → hypertension, hypokalemia,
metabolic alkalosis
Have low serum aldosterone levels
If pH >7.45 (alkalemia) what should you next look at?
Give this one a try later!
PCO2 and HCO3
