NUR 612 MODULE 3 CHAPTER 31 |COMPLETE STUDY GUIDE
WITH 100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS.
EXCELLENCE GUARANTEED.
hypoxemia Answer: reduction in arterial oxygen tension
PaO2 < 80 mmHg
Normal PaO2 Answer: 80-100 mmHg
Major causes of hypoxemia Answer: 1. V/Q mismatch
2. diffusion impairment
3. alveolar hypoventilation
4. right-to-left shunting
5. low inspired oxygen tension (high altitude)
Pathophysiology of Hypoxemia Answer: reduced arterial oxygen leads to:
- decreased hemoglobin saturation
- reduced tissue oxygen delivery
- cellular hypoxia
- shift toward anaerobic metabolism
- lactic acidosis
early clinical manifestations of hypoxemia Answer: - tachypnea
- tachycardia
1
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,- anxiety
- restlessness
late clinical manifestations of hypoxemia Answer: - cyanosis
- confusion
- altered mental status
- dysrhythmias
- organ dysfunction
Key Characteristics of Hypoxemia Answer: - low oxygen
- tissue hypoxia
- restlessness
- cyanosis
- tachycardia
Hypercapnia Answer: elevated arterial carbon dioxide
PaCO2 > 45
Normal PaCO2 Answer: 35-45 mmHg
Pathophysiology of Hypercapnia Answer: CO2 combines with water which results in:
- respiratory acidosis
- cerebral vasodilation
- CNS depression
2
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, Clinical Manifestations of Hypercapnia Answer: - headache
- somnolence
- flushed skin
- confusion
- asterixis
- CO2 narcosis
- coma
Key Characteristics of Hypercapnia Answer: - High carbon dioxide
- Respiratory acidosis
- Somnolence
- Headache
- CO2 narcosis
Ventilation disorders Answer: air cannot adequately move into or out of the alveoli
Examples of ventilation disorders Answer: - asthma
- COPD
- neuromuscular disorders
Mechanism of ventilation disorders Answer: reduced alveolar ventilation causes:
- hypoxemia
- hypercapnia
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
WITH 100% ACCURATE QUESTIONS &ANSWERS.
EXCELLENCE GUARANTEED.
hypoxemia Answer: reduction in arterial oxygen tension
PaO2 < 80 mmHg
Normal PaO2 Answer: 80-100 mmHg
Major causes of hypoxemia Answer: 1. V/Q mismatch
2. diffusion impairment
3. alveolar hypoventilation
4. right-to-left shunting
5. low inspired oxygen tension (high altitude)
Pathophysiology of Hypoxemia Answer: reduced arterial oxygen leads to:
- decreased hemoglobin saturation
- reduced tissue oxygen delivery
- cellular hypoxia
- shift toward anaerobic metabolism
- lactic acidosis
early clinical manifestations of hypoxemia Answer: - tachypnea
- tachycardia
1
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
,- anxiety
- restlessness
late clinical manifestations of hypoxemia Answer: - cyanosis
- confusion
- altered mental status
- dysrhythmias
- organ dysfunction
Key Characteristics of Hypoxemia Answer: - low oxygen
- tissue hypoxia
- restlessness
- cyanosis
- tachycardia
Hypercapnia Answer: elevated arterial carbon dioxide
PaCO2 > 45
Normal PaCO2 Answer: 35-45 mmHg
Pathophysiology of Hypercapnia Answer: CO2 combines with water which results in:
- respiratory acidosis
- cerebral vasodilation
- CNS depression
2
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
, Clinical Manifestations of Hypercapnia Answer: - headache
- somnolence
- flushed skin
- confusion
- asterixis
- CO2 narcosis
- coma
Key Characteristics of Hypercapnia Answer: - High carbon dioxide
- Respiratory acidosis
- Somnolence
- Headache
- CO2 narcosis
Ventilation disorders Answer: air cannot adequately move into or out of the alveoli
Examples of ventilation disorders Answer: - asthma
- COPD
- neuromuscular disorders
Mechanism of ventilation disorders Answer: reduced alveolar ventilation causes:
- hypoxemia
- hypercapnia
3
APPHIA - Crafted with Care and Precision for Academic Excellence.
