BIO 225 ACTUAL FINAL EXAMS ALL QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔coupled transport - ✔✔antiporter or symporter
✔✔endocytosis vs exocytosis - ✔✔endocytosis: movement of particles into a cell by
enclosing them in a vesicle made of plasma membrane
types:
phagocytosis: large engulf
pinocytosis: small engulf
receptor-mediated: target specific
exocytosis: fusion of a membrane bound vesicle with the plasma membrane to release
products out
✔✔functions and features of epithelial barriers - ✔✔cell-cell connections that limit
movement of materials around the outside of the cell
have membrane transport proteins`
✔✔types of membrane junctions - ✔✔tight junctions: prevent diffusion
adherens junctions: spots or belts around cell, links cells together
gap junctions: permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules
, ✔✔types of cellular communication - ✔✔direct signaling: between cells that physically
interact
autocrine: signaling and target cell are the same
paracrine: signals diffuse to nearby target cells
endocrine: signals travel to distant target via circulatory system
neuronal: neurotransmitters diffuse to nearby targets at synapses
inter-individual: between members of the same species
✔✔endocrine vs exocrine glands - ✔✔endocrine: ductless, hormones released into
extracellular fluid, diffuse through circulatory system
exocrine: have ducts, substances secreted to external body surface
✔✔components of endocrine system - ✔✔hypothalamus
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
pineal
gonads
pancreas
thymus
parathyroid
✔✔types of chemical regulations - ✔✔*Peptides - hydrophilic
*Steroids - hydrophobic
*Amines - most hydrophilic except thyroid
Lipids - hydrophobic
Purines - hydrophilic
Gases
✔✔peptide hormones - ✔✔translated by ribosomes on rough ER
stored in vesicles as prohormones
preprohormones in ER --> cleaved to prohormones into vesicles --> cleaved into
hormone
bind to transmembrane receptors to initiate signal transduction
rapid effects
✔✔how does the biochemical nature of hormones determine synthesis and storage -
✔✔hydrophilic: can be stored (in vesicles), secreted by exocytosis
AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔coupled transport - ✔✔antiporter or symporter
✔✔endocytosis vs exocytosis - ✔✔endocytosis: movement of particles into a cell by
enclosing them in a vesicle made of plasma membrane
types:
phagocytosis: large engulf
pinocytosis: small engulf
receptor-mediated: target specific
exocytosis: fusion of a membrane bound vesicle with the plasma membrane to release
products out
✔✔functions and features of epithelial barriers - ✔✔cell-cell connections that limit
movement of materials around the outside of the cell
have membrane transport proteins`
✔✔types of membrane junctions - ✔✔tight junctions: prevent diffusion
adherens junctions: spots or belts around cell, links cells together
gap junctions: permit free diffusion of ions and small molecules
, ✔✔types of cellular communication - ✔✔direct signaling: between cells that physically
interact
autocrine: signaling and target cell are the same
paracrine: signals diffuse to nearby target cells
endocrine: signals travel to distant target via circulatory system
neuronal: neurotransmitters diffuse to nearby targets at synapses
inter-individual: between members of the same species
✔✔endocrine vs exocrine glands - ✔✔endocrine: ductless, hormones released into
extracellular fluid, diffuse through circulatory system
exocrine: have ducts, substances secreted to external body surface
✔✔components of endocrine system - ✔✔hypothalamus
pituitary
adrenal
thyroid
pineal
gonads
pancreas
thymus
parathyroid
✔✔types of chemical regulations - ✔✔*Peptides - hydrophilic
*Steroids - hydrophobic
*Amines - most hydrophilic except thyroid
Lipids - hydrophobic
Purines - hydrophilic
Gases
✔✔peptide hormones - ✔✔translated by ribosomes on rough ER
stored in vesicles as prohormones
preprohormones in ER --> cleaved to prohormones into vesicles --> cleaved into
hormone
bind to transmembrane receptors to initiate signal transduction
rapid effects
✔✔how does the biochemical nature of hormones determine synthesis and storage -
✔✔hydrophilic: can be stored (in vesicles), secreted by exocytosis
