NCE - National Counselor
Examination
(2025-2026)
(Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct
Answers | Verified Answer Guaranteed
Pass | Latest Update (2026-2027) | Already
Graded A+)FIBA Agent Test
,Experimental Research Experimental Research is the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative
comparisons regarding different situations.
Experiment The Experiment is the most valuable type of research it is used to discover cause-
and-effect relationships
How many individual participants do you need to conduct a To conduct a "true" experiment you needs 30 individual participants.
"true" experiment?
How many individual participants do you need to conduct To conduct correlational research you needs 30 subjects per variable.
Correlational research?
Quasi-experiment A Quasi-experiment uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent variable (IV)
cannot be altered (i.e. gender or ethnicity), & cannot state with any statistical
confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
What type of experiment is a correlational research, and Correlational research is a Quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-effect
what does it tell us about cause and effect? data.
What do correlational studies tell us about the relationship Since correlational research is Quasi-experimental, it only shows a positive or
between variables? negative relationship between the variables, but does not yield cause-effect data.
Parsimony Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in
the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Occam's Razor Occam's Razor (aka Parsimony) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in
the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Ex post facto study Ex post facto study is a type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after the fact')
connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are utilized
Independent variable The Independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates, controls,
alters, or wishes to experiment with. Memory Device: 'I' manipulate the IV, or a
hospital patient gets treatment form IV)
Dependent variable The dependent variable expresses the outcome or the data regarding factors one
wants to measure. Memory Device: 'D' in dependent signifies 'D' in data.
Validity Validity is the extent or degree to which an idea/ conclusion/measurement/ score/
study is well-founded, measures what it claims to measure, corresponds accurately
to the real world & answers the questions it is intended to answer. 'valid' in Latin
meaning strong, equivalent.
Internal Validity Internal validity 'in experiments' refers to whether the Dependent Variables, 'DVs' ,
the data were truly influenced by the experimental independent variables, 'IVs',
treatment or if other factors impacted the Data.
,What are some examples of "Threats to internal validity"? Examples of threats to 'internal validity' or factors that reduce the impact of tx on
Data are 1. maturation of subjects, the psychological & physical changes e.g.
fatigue due to time involved, 2. 'mortality' subjects withdrawing, 3. instruments used
to measure the behavior or trait, or 4. 'statistical regression' the notion that
extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again.
External validity 'External validity' or outside of experiment, refers to whether the experimental
research results can be generalized to larger populations, e.g. other people,
settings, conditions. If the results of the study only apply to the population in the
study then external validity is LOW.
Causal Comparative Design Causal Comparative design is a true experiment WITHOUT random assignment.
Data from the causal comparative ex post factor 'after the fact' design can be
analyzed with a test of significance, t test or ANOVA, just like any true experiment.
Factor Analysis Factor Analysis is Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables, e.g. A test
measuring a counselor's ability, may try to describe 3 important variables that make
up an effective helper although hundreds exist.
Chi-Square Chi-Square is used for 'Non-parametric' data i.g. cannot be plotted on a x y axis,
statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an
expected theoretical distribution of scores. (Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I
expected more from)
Occam's Razor Occam's Razor is (also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) suggests
experimenters interpret the results in the simplest manner.
William of Occam William of Occam as in Occam's Razor" was a 14th century philosopher and
theologian. (Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
Bubbles in Research Bubbles in research are considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker on car
and getting no bubbles - impossible)
Confounded or flawed variable Confounded or flawed variable are undesirable variables that invalidate
experiments. (The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
Nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to Occam's Razor (both are synonymous)
_____________
Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not ...
researchers.
Confounding Confounding occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as contaminating
variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
An experiment is confounded when An experiment is confounded when undesirable variables are not kept out of the
experiment.
Basic Research Basic Research is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
, Applied Research Applied Research, (aka 'action research' or experience-near research) is conducted
to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in
terms of practical application.
In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, IV stand for the independent variable, and the DV for dependent variable
and DV stands for ______ _______.
Variable Variable is a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or
conditions. (a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the IV or independent
the variable ("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
Experimental Ethics Dictate that.. Experimental Ethics dictate that subjects should be 1. informed of risk, negative
after effects are removed, 2 allowed subjects to withdraw at any time, 3
confidentiality of subjects is protected, 4 results will be presented in an accurate
format that is not misleading, and 5 will use only techniques trained in.
Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in ...
counseling.
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs a control group and an
experimental group.
The Control Group The Control Group does NOT receive the IV (same characteristics of the
experimental group - the averages between the two groups should not differ
significantly)
The Experimental Group The Experimental Group received the IV (has the same characteristics of the control
group the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Surveys should include at least 100 people. ...
R. A. Fisher R. A. Fisher pioneered hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis Hypothesis is a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the
experimental model. A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship
between the independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
Null hypothesis The Null hypothesis suggests there WILL NOT be a significant difference between
the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not.
(asserts the samples will not change - will stay the same - even after the
experimental variable is applied.) The IV DOES NOT affect the DV.
Hunch A Hunch the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
Experimental Hypothesis Experimental Hypothesis states, "There will be differences between the control
group and the experimental group.
Examination
(2025-2026)
(Final Exam Questions With 100% Correct
Answers | Verified Answer Guaranteed
Pass | Latest Update (2026-2027) | Already
Graded A+)FIBA Agent Test
,Experimental Research Experimental Research is the process of gathering data in order to make evaluative
comparisons regarding different situations.
Experiment The Experiment is the most valuable type of research it is used to discover cause-
and-effect relationships
How many individual participants do you need to conduct a To conduct a "true" experiment you needs 30 individual participants.
"true" experiment?
How many individual participants do you need to conduct To conduct correlational research you needs 30 subjects per variable.
Correlational research?
Quasi-experiment A Quasi-experiment uses PRE-EXISTING groups, so the independent variable (IV)
cannot be altered (i.e. gender or ethnicity), & cannot state with any statistical
confidence that the IV caused the dependent variable (DV).
What type of experiment is a correlational research, and Correlational research is a Quasi-experimental and does not yield cause-effect
what does it tell us about cause and effect? data.
What do correlational studies tell us about the relationship Since correlational research is Quasi-experimental, it only shows a positive or
between variables? negative relationship between the variables, but does not yield cause-effect data.
Parsimony Parsimony (aka Occam's Razor) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in
the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Occam's Razor Occam's Razor (aka Parsimony) refers to the practice of interpreting the results in
the simplest ways (Literally a tendency to be miserly and not overspend.)
Ex post facto study Ex post facto study is a type of quasi-experiment (literally means 'after the fact')
connoting a correlational study in which preexisting groups are utilized
Independent variable The Independent variable is the variable the researcher manipulates, controls,
alters, or wishes to experiment with. Memory Device: 'I' manipulate the IV, or a
hospital patient gets treatment form IV)
Dependent variable The dependent variable expresses the outcome or the data regarding factors one
wants to measure. Memory Device: 'D' in dependent signifies 'D' in data.
Validity Validity is the extent or degree to which an idea/ conclusion/measurement/ score/
study is well-founded, measures what it claims to measure, corresponds accurately
to the real world & answers the questions it is intended to answer. 'valid' in Latin
meaning strong, equivalent.
Internal Validity Internal validity 'in experiments' refers to whether the Dependent Variables, 'DVs' ,
the data were truly influenced by the experimental independent variables, 'IVs',
treatment or if other factors impacted the Data.
,What are some examples of "Threats to internal validity"? Examples of threats to 'internal validity' or factors that reduce the impact of tx on
Data are 1. maturation of subjects, the psychological & physical changes e.g.
fatigue due to time involved, 2. 'mortality' subjects withdrawing, 3. instruments used
to measure the behavior or trait, or 4. 'statistical regression' the notion that
extremely high or low scores would move toward the mean if utilized again.
External validity 'External validity' or outside of experiment, refers to whether the experimental
research results can be generalized to larger populations, e.g. other people,
settings, conditions. If the results of the study only apply to the population in the
study then external validity is LOW.
Causal Comparative Design Causal Comparative design is a true experiment WITHOUT random assignment.
Data from the causal comparative ex post factor 'after the fact' design can be
analyzed with a test of significance, t test or ANOVA, just like any true experiment.
Factor Analysis Factor Analysis is Statistical procedure to summarize MANY variables, e.g. A test
measuring a counselor's ability, may try to describe 3 important variables that make
up an effective helper although hundreds exist.
Chi-Square Chi-Square is used for 'Non-parametric' data i.g. cannot be plotted on a x y axis,
statistical measure that tests whether a distribution differs significantly from an
expected theoretical distribution of scores. (Memory: ''chi' like 'chi-a pet' that I
expected more from)
Occam's Razor Occam's Razor is (also known as Lloyd Morgan's 1894 Canon) suggests
experimenters interpret the results in the simplest manner.
William of Occam William of Occam as in Occam's Razor" was a 14th century philosopher and
theologian. (Occam's Razor, aka 'parsimony' named for)
Bubbles in Research Bubbles in research are considered flaws in research (i.e., rubbing a sticker on car
and getting no bubbles - impossible)
Confounded or flawed variable Confounded or flawed variable are undesirable variables that invalidate
experiments. (The only experimental variable should be the independent variable.)
Nondirective is to person-centered as parsimony is to Occam's Razor (both are synonymous)
_____________
Most counselors see themselves as practitioners, not ...
researchers.
Confounding Confounding occurs when an undesirable variable (also known as contaminating
variable) which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment.
An experiment is confounded when An experiment is confounded when undesirable variables are not kept out of the
experiment.
Basic Research Basic Research is conducted to advance our understanding of theory.
, Applied Research Applied Research, (aka 'action research' or experience-near research) is conducted
to advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in
terms of practical application.
In experimental terminology, IV stands for _____ ______, IV stand for the independent variable, and the DV for dependent variable
and DV stands for ______ _______.
Variable Variable is a behavior or circumstance that can exist on at least two levels or
conditions. (a factor that 'varies' or is capable of change)
The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is The variable you manipulate/control in an experiment is the IV or independent
the variable ("I am the researcher so I manipulate or experiment with the IV.")
Experimental Ethics Dictate that.. Experimental Ethics dictate that subjects should be 1. informed of risk, negative
after effects are removed, 2 allowed subjects to withdraw at any time, 3
confidentiality of subjects is protected, 4 results will be presented in an accurate
format that is not misleading, and 5 will use only techniques trained in.
Research is a necessary factor for professionalism in ...
counseling.
To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs To conduct an experiment with a hypothesis, one needs a control group and an
experimental group.
The Control Group The Control Group does NOT receive the IV (same characteristics of the
experimental group - the averages between the two groups should not differ
significantly)
The Experimental Group The Experimental Group received the IV (has the same characteristics of the control
group the averages between the two groups should not differ significantly)
Surveys should include at least 100 people. ...
R. A. Fisher R. A. Fisher pioneered hypothesis testing.
Hypothesis Hypothesis is a hunch or educated guess which can be tested utilizing the
experimental model. A statement which can be tested regarding the relationship
between the independent (IV) and the dependent variables (DV).
Null hypothesis The Null hypothesis suggests there WILL NOT be a significant difference between
the experimental group which received the IV and the control group which did not.
(asserts the samples will not change - will stay the same - even after the
experimental variable is applied.) The IV DOES NOT affect the DV.
Hunch A Hunch the experimental or alternative hypothesis.
Experimental Hypothesis Experimental Hypothesis states, "There will be differences between the control
group and the experimental group.
