WGU BIOCHEMISTRY OA ACTUAL EXAMS SCRIPT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hydrolysis - ✔✔Broken peptide bonds
✔✔Chaperones - ✔✔Help fold proteins
✔✔Denature - ✔✔-have an environmental change that causes a protein to misfold or
unfold.
-breaking side change & secondary structure bonds
-disulfide=reducing agent
-ionic=pH or salt change
-hydrophobic=heat change
✔✔Degradation - ✔✔Break peptide bonds
(Hydrolysis)
✔✔Aggregation - ✔✔-proteins clump together in abnormal way (d/t hydrophobic
interactions)
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔-functional proteins
-catalysts
-reusable (can be recycled!)
, -specific
-induced fit
-work like assembly line (enzyme pathway)
✔✔Feedback inhibition - ✔✔-stop the enzyme "assembly line" because we have too
much "product"
-happens naturally to maintain homeostasis
✔✔Competitive inhibition - ✔✔-medicine/drugs
-competitive inhibitor will bind to active site to prevent substrate from binding
-(overcome inhibition by adding more substrate)
✔✔Non-competitive inhibition - ✔✔-more effective
-bind to allosteric site of enzyme
-changes the shape of the protein
✔✔DNA - ✔✔-phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + A/T/C/G
-contains 2 strands
-the strands are anti-parallel (opposite each other) :
5'-3'
3'-5'
✔✔RNA - ✔✔-phosphate + ribose sugar + A/U/C/G
-single strand (can fold back onto itself & form pairs between itself (stem-loop)
✔✔Nucleotides - ✔✔-contain one or more phosphates
-a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogen base
-always in the 5' to 3' direction
✔✔DNA organization - ✔✔DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones -
~nucleosomes-~chromatin fiber-~ chromosomes
✔✔Pairing - ✔✔DNA= A—T
RNA= A—U
✔✔Steps of DNA replication - ✔✔-DNA is separated, creating a replication fork (by
helicase)
-primase attaches on RNA primer, where the replication starts
-DNA polymerase adds bases to remaining of the strand until it reaches a stop codon.
(This is done in fragments-"ozaki fragments"
-DNA ligase seals the 2 strands forming a double helix
✔✔Epigenetics - ✔✔-involves packaging of DNA (packages are called nucleosomes.
How tightly packed they are determines whether or not the gene is on or off)
-loosely packed=transcription possible
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS SURE A+
✔✔Hydrolysis - ✔✔Broken peptide bonds
✔✔Chaperones - ✔✔Help fold proteins
✔✔Denature - ✔✔-have an environmental change that causes a protein to misfold or
unfold.
-breaking side change & secondary structure bonds
-disulfide=reducing agent
-ionic=pH or salt change
-hydrophobic=heat change
✔✔Degradation - ✔✔Break peptide bonds
(Hydrolysis)
✔✔Aggregation - ✔✔-proteins clump together in abnormal way (d/t hydrophobic
interactions)
✔✔Enzymes - ✔✔-functional proteins
-catalysts
-reusable (can be recycled!)
, -specific
-induced fit
-work like assembly line (enzyme pathway)
✔✔Feedback inhibition - ✔✔-stop the enzyme "assembly line" because we have too
much "product"
-happens naturally to maintain homeostasis
✔✔Competitive inhibition - ✔✔-medicine/drugs
-competitive inhibitor will bind to active site to prevent substrate from binding
-(overcome inhibition by adding more substrate)
✔✔Non-competitive inhibition - ✔✔-more effective
-bind to allosteric site of enzyme
-changes the shape of the protein
✔✔DNA - ✔✔-phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + A/T/C/G
-contains 2 strands
-the strands are anti-parallel (opposite each other) :
5'-3'
3'-5'
✔✔RNA - ✔✔-phosphate + ribose sugar + A/U/C/G
-single strand (can fold back onto itself & form pairs between itself (stem-loop)
✔✔Nucleotides - ✔✔-contain one or more phosphates
-a 5 carbon sugar and a nitrogen base
-always in the 5' to 3' direction
✔✔DNA organization - ✔✔DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones -
~nucleosomes-~chromatin fiber-~ chromosomes
✔✔Pairing - ✔✔DNA= A—T
RNA= A—U
✔✔Steps of DNA replication - ✔✔-DNA is separated, creating a replication fork (by
helicase)
-primase attaches on RNA primer, where the replication starts
-DNA polymerase adds bases to remaining of the strand until it reaches a stop codon.
(This is done in fragments-"ozaki fragments"
-DNA ligase seals the 2 strands forming a double helix
✔✔Epigenetics - ✔✔-involves packaging of DNA (packages are called nucleosomes.
How tightly packed they are determines whether or not the gene is on or off)
-loosely packed=transcription possible
