Hsc 4501 Exam 3 Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update 2026

HSC 4501 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS ANSWERED CORRECTLY LATEST UPDATE 2026 Experimental - more scientifically ___ - used for ___ and ___ studies - may have limited ___ ___ (generalizability) if subject eligibility is strict - not always feasible due to ___ issues - Answers rigourous intervention/prevention external validity ehtical Observational - ___ scientifically rigourous - used for ___ studies - some __ issues - Answers less etiological ethical Strengths and Weaknesses: RCT S: * Demostrate the ___-___ relationship - uses experimental mode: "____ ____" for all studies ** control __ ** random allocation elimanates __ bias in treatment comparison - may produce __ and __ results than observational W: - often more costly in __ and __ - only appropiate for some research questions * many research questions are suited for experimental designs due to ___ issues and __ outcomes - many questions are not suitable for ___ - ___ interventions may be different from common practice - may have limited ___ _____ (generalizibility) due to volunteers, elibgibiity criteria, and ___ of ___ up - Answers cause-effect gold standard exposure selection faster/cheaper time/money ethical/rare blinding standaradized external validity/loss of follow up Strengths and Weaknesses: Case-Control Studies S: - efficient for ___/___ diseases with long ___/___ periods * ___ and ___ to complete -- don't have to wait for the patients to get __ bc they are ___ - can evaluate many ___ factors for the same disease * good for diseases with which ___ is known W: - cannot calculate ___ (___) of a disease directly - inefficient for rare/unusal _____ (____ of nuclear meltdown) - vulnerable to bias because of ___ nature - difficult to infer ___ relationship between exposure and disease - Answers rare/unusual/induction/latent easy/quick/sick/sick risk little risk(incidence) exposure(exposure) retrospective temporal Strengths and weaknesses: Cohort Studies S: - logical approach to studies of ___ or ____ of treatment (____ precedes ___) E _______ D - ____ measurments of exposure in relation to disease ____ - does not rely on __ for information about exposure status; avoids bias due to __ recall - measures __ and thus permits ___ estimation of ___ * since cohort studies begin with ____ subjects, potential bias due to selective ___ is eliminated - can yield information on associations of ___ with the multiple diseases at a time - designs proves more about the __ history of the disease - best to study the effects of rare ___ with ___ cases among the exposed - Answers causation/effects (cause preceedes effect E---D -prospective/occurence memory/selective incidence/direct/risk *nondiseased/survival - exposure - natural exposure/frequent Weaknesses: Cohort **** ______ - information collected from __ number of subjects - study personnel employed for ___ period of time - tracing of subjects who __ overtime - may be too ___ for rare disease *****_____ - findings not __ obtained - variations of personnel overtime - variations in data collection __ overtime - may take too long for long ___ - vulnerability to loss of __ overtime - Answers expense large long expensive time quickly methods induction subjects Prospective vs Retrospective Cohort: Pro (___ ) study: - starts at time ___ (beginning of follow up) with cohort ___ of disease, exposed are ascertained as they come and observe cohort prospectively in real time until outcome evaluated (___ of follow up) Advantages: - more control over selection of ____ and ____ and ____ measure than retro Weaknesses: - more ___ - ____ exposure - limited to one ___ variable - Answers concurrent zero/free/end subjects/exposure/outcome expensive longer exposure Retrospective Cohort: - ( _____) study - identifies cohort as __ of disease at some point of time in the past and exposure is ascertained from ____ records and outcome is determined at the time that the study _____ * makes use of ___ data to determine exposure level at some ___ in the past * follow up for subsequent _____ from baseline to present Advantages: - has all benefits of a __ study * __ scale * ____ time * ___ expensive Disadvantages: - some ___ statistics cannot be measured * significant ___ may effect the selection of ____ ** ___ bias and _____ of exposure status * ___ relationship is difficult to access - Answers historical free/past/began historical/exposure occurence cohort small less less key bias/controls selection/misclassification temporal Matching in case control studies - matching is a method of selecting ____ in such a way they were similar to ____ with respect to certain variable - the variables that are matched are the variables that are _____, from ____ research, to be strong cofounders of the ____-____ relationship ***** most common are __, ____, and s____ - it is a technique used to control for ____ in the design stage Disadvantages: - _____ -- difficult to find ____ who fulfill requirements - ____-- once matched, cannot unmatch and cannot study the effect of a matching factor on a disease ____ - Answers control/cases known,past,disease-exposure age,race,sex confounding practical- controls conceptual Individual Matching or ___ matching - each case is matched with one or more ____ - when one ____ is matched to one ____, this technique is termed "___ matching" EX: a white 58 yr old female ___ would be matched to a white 58 yr old female ___ - Answers paired controls case/control/pair case/contro Group Matching or ___ matching - the control group is selected so that it would have the same ____ _____ as the matched variable of the ___ EX: if 60% of the cases are female and 40% are white then _____ would be 60% female and 40% white - usually must recuit all ___ first - Answers frequency frequency distribution/cases controls cases Selection bias is case-control - occurs when the ____/____ of an _____ may lead to the ___/____ individual qualify to enter into the study - EX: historical (____) CC study of OC's use and thrombo * physcians are more likely to hospitalize a patient with symptoms of ____ if they are using ___'s than women that aren't - Answers absence/presence/exposure/ disease/ non-diseased retro thrombo/OC's Information Bias in case control - when investigators obtain ___-____ information of ____/_____ from the cases and controls from 2 sources: the interviewed (____ bias) and participant (____ bias) - aka ______ bias - EX: moderate alcohol consumption is found to decrease MI * if alcohol consumption is found by the interviewer to be beneficial, such probing might lead to an ____ estimate of drinking among controls - Answers non-comparable/exposure/disease interviewer/recall observation inflation Selection Bias in Cohort: - due to ___-____ of potential * due to loss of follow up (___) becasue of a long follow up period - Answers non-response attrition Information Bias in Cohort - due to differences in ____ and extent of information obtained from the ___ and ___-___ * due to changes in ___ of the partcipants * due to different definition of ___ (ICD9 & ICD10) - Answers quality/exposed/nonexposed behavior outcome Selection controls of case control - selection controls constitue the major source of ______ of the results of the study - the PURPOSE OF THE CONTROL GROUPS IS TO PROVIDE ______ ON THE ___ _____ IN THE ___ POPULATION THAT PRODUCED THE ____ Who should the controls represent? - controls should be representivite of the ___ population from which the cases derived. _____ samples will be drawn from source pop - controls need to be ____ to the cases except for ___ status EX: if all cases include all diagnosed in the community, the controls should be from the general population of the community - if cases only include cases in the hospital, controls should be ___ patients with ___ condition - Answers validity information/exposure distribution in the source/cases source/random similar/disease hospitalized/different Selection controls of case control - information on exposure and risk should be obtained with the same degree of _____ and ease from controls and cases * cases may be more concerned about their ____ and therefore be subject to selectively better ____; live subjects will provide better information on personal habits of relatives than dead ones - matching is a tecnique to control ___ - some investigators use __ control groups * increase ___ power - Answers accuracy illness/recall confounding multiple study Selection controls of case control ADV of general population controls - bc of the selection process, the investigator is usually assured that they come from the same ___ population as the cases DISADV of general population controls - ___ consuming, ____ * hard to ___ and get cooperation * population lists may not be available, poorer ___ than hospital controls (___ bias) - Answers source time/expensive contact recall/recall Selection controls of case control ADV of hospital controls - easily ___ and ___ (so less ___) - accurracy of exposure recall is ____ to that of cases since controls are also ___ - selection factors that influence the decision to come to a particular hospital are similar to those for the ___ - more willing to __ than population-based controls, minizing potential bias due to response DISADV of hospital controls - since hospital controls are ___, they may not accurately represent ____ history in the population that produced the ___ - hospital catchment areas may different for different ___ - Answers accessible/identifiable (expensive) comparable/sick cases cooperate sick/exposure/cases diseases Selection controls of case control ADV to special group controls - ____ than hospital controls - more likely to ___ than those in the general population study - provide more ____ over ___ factors DISADV of special group