NRS 232 Cardiac Pathophysiology Unit 7
Questions Final Exam Questions And
Answers 2026 Already Graded A+
D
O
N
O
Stenosis - ANSWER-Narrowing of the valve orifice
and failure of the valve leaflets to open normally.
T
C
Incompetent (regurgitant) valve - ANSWER-A valve
O
that does not close properly, permitting the
PY
backward flow of blood to occur when the valve
should be closed.
Mitral valve - ANSWER-Controls the directional flow
of blood between the left atrium and the left
ventricle.
,Mitral valve stenosis - ANSWER-Incomplete
*opening* of the mitral valve during *diastole* with
left atrial distension and impaired filling of the left
ventricle.
*Rheumatic fever:* Immune-mediated, multi-system
inflammatory disease (involving heart, skin, and
connective tissue) that occurs a few weeks after a
D
group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcal (GAS)
O
pharyngitis in children and young adults.
N
O
Pericardium - ANSWER-Consists of two layers: a
T
thin inner layer, called the *visceral pericardium,*
adheres to the epicardium; and an outer fibrous
C
layer, called the *parietal pericardium,* is attached to
O
the great vessels that enter and leave the heart.
PY
Acute pericarditis - ANSWER-Signs and symptoms
resulting from pericardial inflammation of less than 2
weeks duration; may result from an infection or
noninfectious disease.
,Viral infections (especially infections with
coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the most
common cause of pericarditis and probably are
responsible for many cases of idiopathic or
pericarditis of unknown etiology.
Pericardial effusion - ANSWER-Accumulation of
fluid in the pericardial cavity, usually as a result of an
D
inflammatory or infectious process that includes
O
pericarditis.
N
O
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWER-Compression of the
T
heart due to the accumulation of fluid or blood in the
pericardial sac.
C
O
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-
PY
Characterized by a massively hypertrophied LV with
a reduced chamber size and a paradoxical decrease
in SV that results from impaired diastolic filling.
Frequently associated with the development of LV
outflow obstruction caused by systolic anterior
, motion of the mitral valve, and mid systolic contact
with the ventricular septum.
Dilated cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-A common
cause of heart failure. Characterized by progressive
cardiac dilation and contractile (systolic) dysfunction,
usually with concurrent hypertrophy.
D
O
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-Rare form
of heart muscle disease in which ventricular filling is
N
restricted because of excessive rigidity (but not
O
necessarily thickening) of the ventricular walls. The
T
contractile properties or systolic function of the heart
remain relatively normal.
C
O
Fetal circulation - ANSWER-In the fetus, blood
PY
enters the circulation through the umbilical vein and
returns to the placenta through the two umbilical
arteries.
A vessel called the ductus venous alls the majority
of blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the
hepatic circulation and pass directly into the IVC.
Questions Final Exam Questions And
Answers 2026 Already Graded A+
D
O
N
O
Stenosis - ANSWER-Narrowing of the valve orifice
and failure of the valve leaflets to open normally.
T
C
Incompetent (regurgitant) valve - ANSWER-A valve
O
that does not close properly, permitting the
PY
backward flow of blood to occur when the valve
should be closed.
Mitral valve - ANSWER-Controls the directional flow
of blood between the left atrium and the left
ventricle.
,Mitral valve stenosis - ANSWER-Incomplete
*opening* of the mitral valve during *diastole* with
left atrial distension and impaired filling of the left
ventricle.
*Rheumatic fever:* Immune-mediated, multi-system
inflammatory disease (involving heart, skin, and
connective tissue) that occurs a few weeks after a
D
group A (β-hemolytic) streptococcal (GAS)
O
pharyngitis in children and young adults.
N
O
Pericardium - ANSWER-Consists of two layers: a
T
thin inner layer, called the *visceral pericardium,*
adheres to the epicardium; and an outer fibrous
C
layer, called the *parietal pericardium,* is attached to
O
the great vessels that enter and leave the heart.
PY
Acute pericarditis - ANSWER-Signs and symptoms
resulting from pericardial inflammation of less than 2
weeks duration; may result from an infection or
noninfectious disease.
,Viral infections (especially infections with
coxsackieviruses and echoviruses) are the most
common cause of pericarditis and probably are
responsible for many cases of idiopathic or
pericarditis of unknown etiology.
Pericardial effusion - ANSWER-Accumulation of
fluid in the pericardial cavity, usually as a result of an
D
inflammatory or infectious process that includes
O
pericarditis.
N
O
Cardiac tamponade - ANSWER-Compression of the
T
heart due to the accumulation of fluid or blood in the
pericardial sac.
C
O
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-
PY
Characterized by a massively hypertrophied LV with
a reduced chamber size and a paradoxical decrease
in SV that results from impaired diastolic filling.
Frequently associated with the development of LV
outflow obstruction caused by systolic anterior
, motion of the mitral valve, and mid systolic contact
with the ventricular septum.
Dilated cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-A common
cause of heart failure. Characterized by progressive
cardiac dilation and contractile (systolic) dysfunction,
usually with concurrent hypertrophy.
D
O
Restrictive cardiomyopathy - ANSWER-Rare form
of heart muscle disease in which ventricular filling is
N
restricted because of excessive rigidity (but not
O
necessarily thickening) of the ventricular walls. The
T
contractile properties or systolic function of the heart
remain relatively normal.
C
O
Fetal circulation - ANSWER-In the fetus, blood
PY
enters the circulation through the umbilical vein and
returns to the placenta through the two umbilical
arteries.
A vessel called the ductus venous alls the majority
of blood from the umbilical vein to bypass the
hepatic circulation and pass directly into the IVC.
