PNB 2265 Blood Exam Questions and
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
What type of tissue is blood? Connective tissue
What does blood consist of (4 -Plasma: 46-63%
things)? -Formed elements: 37-54%, red blood
cells, white blood cells, platelets
What happens when blood is Red blood cells collect at the bottom, a
spun at a fast rate in a Buffy coat of white blood cells collects in
centrifuge? the middle, and the fluid blood plasma
collects at the top
What is the purpose of blood? -Transport medium which carries
materials through out the body through
the vasculature system powered by the
heart
-Regulation of pH, osmolarity,
temperature (38 degrees C), and fluid
loss from injury
-Protection
What is hematocrit? The packed cell volume/ proportion
(percentage) of whole blood volume that
is made up of red blood cells
,What are the normal Men: 40-50%
hematocrit values for men and Women: 36-44%
women? Why is it higher for Higher for men because they have higher
men? levels of testosterone, which activates
EPO hormone, which makes RBCs
What is a blood smear used To prepare a slide blood can be viewed
for? under a microscope
What are platelets? Cell fragments that originate from a type
of leukocyte (megakaryocyte)
What is the typical 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% other solutes
composition of blood plasma?
What types of proteins are Albumin: regulates water movement
found in blood plasma (4)? between the blood and interstitial fluid at
What roles do they play? the capillary level
-Globulins: transport lipids and ions, act
as antibodies that immobilize pathogens
-FIbrinogen: Helps with blood clotting
-Regulatory proteins: enzymes,
proenzymes, and hormones
What solutes are found in -Electrolytes: establish and maintain
blood plasma (5)? What roles membrane potentials, pH, and osmosis
do they play? -Nutrients: energy source
-Respiratory gases: Oxygen and CO2
-Wastes: urea, biliruben
-Regulatory substances: hormones,
chemical signals
, Define homeostasis as it Keeping many of the constituents of
relates to blood plasma. blood plasma within narrow limits
What are erythrocytes? What Red blood cells, small/biconcave disks
is their basic structure? with flattened area in center
Does an RBC have a nucleus No, RBCs are anuclear and lack
or organelles? What does this organelles. This allows them to contain
allow them to hemoglobin and therefore specialize in
contain/specialize in? oxygen transport. This also limits their
ability to synthesize proteins.
What is the role of cytoskeletal They allow RBCs to assume the biconcave
proteins (specrtin) in RBCs? shape. This allows for more surface area
Why is this so important? than a normal sphere has, thus allowing
maximum oxygen transportation both into
and out of the RBC.
Explain the basic structure and Hemoglobin is composed of 4
conformation of hemoglobin. polypeptide globin chains, 2 alpha chains
and 2 beta chains. Each has a tertiary, 3D
folded structure/conformation. Each
chain is associated together to produce
the complicated Quaternary structure.
Explain the composition of a Each globin chain has their own heme
globin chain. portion. Heme is a ringed molecule with
an iron ion in the center
Why is the iron in a heme The iron binds reversibly with oxygen,
important? which allows for oxygen transport.
Answers with Verified Solutions | Latest
Updated 2026
What type of tissue is blood? Connective tissue
What does blood consist of (4 -Plasma: 46-63%
things)? -Formed elements: 37-54%, red blood
cells, white blood cells, platelets
What happens when blood is Red blood cells collect at the bottom, a
spun at a fast rate in a Buffy coat of white blood cells collects in
centrifuge? the middle, and the fluid blood plasma
collects at the top
What is the purpose of blood? -Transport medium which carries
materials through out the body through
the vasculature system powered by the
heart
-Regulation of pH, osmolarity,
temperature (38 degrees C), and fluid
loss from injury
-Protection
What is hematocrit? The packed cell volume/ proportion
(percentage) of whole blood volume that
is made up of red blood cells
,What are the normal Men: 40-50%
hematocrit values for men and Women: 36-44%
women? Why is it higher for Higher for men because they have higher
men? levels of testosterone, which activates
EPO hormone, which makes RBCs
What is a blood smear used To prepare a slide blood can be viewed
for? under a microscope
What are platelets? Cell fragments that originate from a type
of leukocyte (megakaryocyte)
What is the typical 92% water, 7% proteins, 1% other solutes
composition of blood plasma?
What types of proteins are Albumin: regulates water movement
found in blood plasma (4)? between the blood and interstitial fluid at
What roles do they play? the capillary level
-Globulins: transport lipids and ions, act
as antibodies that immobilize pathogens
-FIbrinogen: Helps with blood clotting
-Regulatory proteins: enzymes,
proenzymes, and hormones
What solutes are found in -Electrolytes: establish and maintain
blood plasma (5)? What roles membrane potentials, pH, and osmosis
do they play? -Nutrients: energy source
-Respiratory gases: Oxygen and CO2
-Wastes: urea, biliruben
-Regulatory substances: hormones,
chemical signals
, Define homeostasis as it Keeping many of the constituents of
relates to blood plasma. blood plasma within narrow limits
What are erythrocytes? What Red blood cells, small/biconcave disks
is their basic structure? with flattened area in center
Does an RBC have a nucleus No, RBCs are anuclear and lack
or organelles? What does this organelles. This allows them to contain
allow them to hemoglobin and therefore specialize in
contain/specialize in? oxygen transport. This also limits their
ability to synthesize proteins.
What is the role of cytoskeletal They allow RBCs to assume the biconcave
proteins (specrtin) in RBCs? shape. This allows for more surface area
Why is this so important? than a normal sphere has, thus allowing
maximum oxygen transportation both into
and out of the RBC.
Explain the basic structure and Hemoglobin is composed of 4
conformation of hemoglobin. polypeptide globin chains, 2 alpha chains
and 2 beta chains. Each has a tertiary, 3D
folded structure/conformation. Each
chain is associated together to produce
the complicated Quaternary structure.
Explain the composition of a Each globin chain has their own heme
globin chain. portion. Heme is a ringed molecule with
an iron ion in the center
Why is the iron in a heme The iron binds reversibly with oxygen,
important? which allows for oxygen transport.
